Table 2.

Background summary of the 32 interventions

Study	Location	Course title/content	Grade level
Akram et al. [25*]	Saudi Arabia	Learning skills of medical students	UG
Annamalai et al. [26*]	Malaysia	In-patient pharmacy clerkship	UG
Bartoletta et al. [27*]	The United States	Hand surgery	PG
Carrazoni et al. [28*]	Brazil	Basic concepts in neurophysiology	UG
Chaudhuri et al. [23*, 24*]	India	Physiology	UG
Cho and Kim [29*]	Korea	Nursing and English	UG
DePietro et al. [11*]	The United States	Interventional radiology	UG
Durfee et al. [1*]	The United States	Virtual radiology core clerkship	UG & PG
Gisondo et al. [30*]	The United States	Transport medicine	PG
Gopalan et al. [31*]	The United States	Physiology	PG
Grant et al. [32*]	The United States	Psychiatry	UG
Guiter et al. [33*]	The United States	Pathology	UG
Haftador et al. [3*]	Iran	Nursing	UG
Höhne et al. [34*]	Germany	Ultrasound	UG
Huang et al. [35*]	The United States	Rehabilitation rotation	UG
Khapre et al. [36*]	India	Public health	PG
Kim et al. [37*]	Korea	Radiation oncology	UG
Knie et al. [38*]	Germany	Clinical communication	UG
Lapane and Dube [39*]	The United States	Rigor and reproducibility	PG & PhD
Liu et al. [40*]	China	Medical morphology	UG
Patel and Taggar [41*]	The United Kingdom	Primary care	UG
Perumal-Pillay and Walters [7*]	South Africa	Pharmacy	UG
Qian et al. [42*]	China	COVID-19 knowledge	UG
Rehman and Fatima [43*]	Pakistan	Endocrine reproduction	UG
Roy et al. [44*]	India	Anatomy	UG
Smith and Boscak [45*]	The United States	Trauma and emergency radiology	UG
Soll et al. [46*]	Germany	Cognitive behavior therapy	PG
Teichgräber et al. [8*]	Germany	Clinical radiology	UG
Tiedemann and Simmenroth [47*]	Germany	Alcohol and smoking counselling	UG
Vladis and Coleman [48*]	The United States	Using Python for research	PhD
Wang et al. [2*]	China	Oral histopathology	UG
Xie et al. [49*]	China	Medical molecular biology	UG