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. 2022 Sep 22;14(19):4601. doi: 10.3390/cancers14194601

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram of anti-cancer mechanisms of benzimidazoles. (A) Effects of benzimidazoles on cancer cell death, (B) Anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of benzimidazoles, (C) Inhibitory effects of benzimidazoles on cancer stemness. Abbreviations: Mdm2: mouse double minute 2 homolog; MdmX: mouse double minute 4; RAF: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; Bax: B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma extra-large; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; BCSC: breast cancer stem cell.