Table 4.

Sensorimotor mechanisms: subcategories, characteristics, and triggers.

Author(s), year	Subcategories	Associated characteristics	Potential triggers
Dworkin et al. (2000); McKenna et al. (2020); Nagy et al. (2020); Schultz-Coulon (1978); Stepp et al., (2017); Ziethe et al. (2019)	Disrupted sensorimotor integration/control	Abnormal response to pitch shifting and masking experiments Shorter voice onset time and greater coefficient of variation of voice onset time Reduced auditory discrimination abilities Potential hearing impairment	Disruptions in voice production pattern (e.g., URI; high voice-use), psychological factors (e.g., emotional stress), poor vocal quality
Kryshtopava et al. (2017); Urberg-Carlson (2013)	Theory of neural models/adaptive learning	Neurological signs of altered sensorimotor control of phonation: reduced brain activity in sensory control-related areas; increased brain activity in motor control-related areas	Poor vocal quality, organic pathology (resolved), disrupted proprioceptive feedback, URI, stress, vocal demands
Morrison et al. (1999); Vertigan et al. (2006, 2008, 2013, 2014)	Irritable larynx syndrome/ laryngeal sensory dysfunction/ laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome	Signs of extrathoracic hyperresponsiveness (coughing, throat clearing) Increased cough reflex sensitivity Episodic laryngospasms Possible associated symptom: globus pharyngeus Abnormal response to methacholine or hypertonic saline challenge Cross-stimulus responses (a domain-specific stimulus causing a response in a different domain)	Viral infection (including URI), Environmental stimuli (e.g., odor, chemicals, cold air), allergies, emotional distress, postural behavior, GERD/LPR, tissue injury, voice use, cough, foods/esophageal irritants, exertion, respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma), immune disorder

Note. URI = upper respiratory tract infection; GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease; LPR = laryngopharyngeal reflux.