Fig. 3.

(A) Immunofluorescence showing the levels of nuclear p65, a subunit of NF-κB in untreated vs TSE treated samples, thus showing increased NF-κB activity (Ngo et al., 2017). Red arrows: Absent nuclear p65; Yellow arrows: Presence of nuclear p65; IL-1β is the positive control. Right image is a quantification of the Immunofluorescence data. (B) Stepwise pathway showcasing mechanism of action of IVD degeneration due to smoking (Ngo et al., 2017). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)