Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
|
Demographic characteristics at baselineb |
Probable PTSDa N = 153 |
No probable PTSD N = 981 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, Median [IQR]c | 43 [28–55] | 49 [30–61] | .009 |
| Male, n (%) | 102 (66.7) | 673 (68.6) | .63 |
| Highest educational level, n (%) | .019 | ||
| Primary school or less | 22 (15.6) | 100 (11.1) | |
| Secondary school/High school | 56 (39.7) | 273 (30.3) | |
| Post-high school training | 25 (17.7) | 191 (21.2) | |
| College/University | 38 (27.0) | 337 (37.4) | |
| Missing | 12 | 80 | |
| Marital status, n (%) | .17 | ||
| Never been married | 49 (32.7) | 304 (32.5) | |
| Married/Living together/common law | 75 (50.0) | 519 (55.4) | |
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Other | 26 (17.3) | 113 (12.1) | |
| Missing |
3 |
45 |
|
|
TBI-related characteristics at baselineb | |||
| Glasgow Coma Scale, n (%) | .61 | ||
| Mild TBI | 115 (77.2) | 759 (79.5) | |
| Moderate TBI | 14 (9.4) | 68 (7.1) | |
| Severe TBI | 20 (13.4) | 128 (13.4) | |
| Missing | 4 | 26 | |
| Cause of injury, n (%) | .003 | ||
| Road traffic incident | 74 (49.3) | 435 (45.1) | |
| Incidental fall | 45 (30.0) | 397 (41.1) | |
| Violence/Assault/Act of mass violence | 14 (9.3) | 34 (3.5) | |
| Suicide attempt | 3 (2.0) | 9 (0.9) | |
| Other | 14 (9.3) | 90 (9.3) | |
| Missing | 3 | 16 | |
| Care pathway, n (%) | .058 | ||
| Emergency Room | 25 (16.3) | 244 (24.9) | |
| Admitted to hospital | 60 (39.2) | 366 (37.3) | |
| Intensive care unit | 68 (44.4) | 371 (37.8) | |
| Psychiatric historyb,d | |||
| Psychiatric disorders, n (%) | .001 | ||
| Yes | 29 (19.1) | 95 (9.8) | |
| No | 123 (80.9) | 879 (90.2) | |
| Missing | 1 | 7 | |
| Type of psychiatric disorder, n (%) | |||
| Anxiety | 7 (4.6) | 27 (2.8) | .65 |
| Depression | 17 (11.1) | 51 (5.2) | .64 |
| Substance abuse | 3 (2.0) | 11 (1.1) | .85 |
| Sleep disorder | 3 (2.0) | 15 (1.5) | .47 |
| Schizophrenia | 2 (1.3) | 2 (0.2) | .20 |
| Other |
7 (4.6) |
14 (1.4) |
.24 |
|
Characteristics 6 months post-TBIe | |||
| RPQ total score, Median [IQR] PHQ-9 total score, Median [IQR] |
23.0 [14.0–34.5] 10.5 [6.0–16.8] |
4.0 [0–13.0] 2.0 [1.0–5.0] |
< .001 < .001 |
| GAD-7 total score Median [IQR] | 8.0 [5.0–14.0] | 1.0 [0–4.0] | < .001 |
| Medication, n (%) | .001 | ||
| Yes | 43 (30.9) | 168 (18.7) | |
| No | 96 (69.1) | 732 (81.3) | |
| Missing | 14 | 81 | |
| Type of medication, n (%) | |||
| Psychostimulants | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.3) | .38 |
| Antidepressants | 13 (8.5) | 40 (4.1) | .39 |
| Antipsychotic agents | 3 (2.0) | 9 (0.9) | .68 |
| Anxiolytics | 9 (5.9) | 17 (1.7) | .054 |
Note.
Diagnosis based on the PCL-5 self-report questionnaire.
At study entry/TBI evaluation upon admission.
The Mann-Whitney Test was conducted for age and Pearson's Chi2 tests for the other variables.
Information about the psychiatric history and type of psychiatric disorder(s) was obtained by interview from the patient and/or carer upon admission.
The Rivermead Postconcussion Questionnaire (RPQ, sum scores from 0 to 64 with higher scores reflecting more severe postconcussive symptoms), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9, sum scores from 0 to 27 with higher scores reflecting more severe depressive symptoms) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7, sum scores from 0 to 21 with higher scores reflecting higher levels of anxiety symptoms).