Table 4.
Country specific data on number of training programs, availability of subspecialty training, neurosurgery training length in years, number of trainees in a training program (size), gender demographics, average weekly work hours for trainees, average number of annual neurosurgical procedures performed at a training institution, availability of research opportunities, availability of dissection or surgical skills labs, competitiveness for entering neurosurgical training on a scale of 1–10, and neurosurgical mentorship availability on a scale of 1–10. Some countries have more than one training pathway; different lengths of training are separated by a comma. Program size varied by program within a country, so presented values denote a range where more than one value was reported. LIC = low-income country; LMIC = lower-middle income country; UMIC = upper-middle income country; HIC = high-income country; SD = standard deviation.
| Country | Country Income Group | Number of Training Programs | Subspecialty Training Availability | Training Length | Program Size | Male:Female Ratio | Weekly Work Hours | Number of Annual Procedures | Research Availability | Lab Availability | Competitiveness (Mean ± SD) | Mentorship availability (Mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | LMIC | 13 | Yes | 5 | 3–9 | 1:3.5 | 50–60 | 200–300 | No | No | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 6.3 ± 1.2 |
| Australia | HIC | 1 | Yes | 6 | 70–80 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 10 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | ||
| Bangladesh | LMIC | 2 | No | 5 | >80 | 50–100 | No | No | 10 | 9 | ||
| Barbados | HIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Benin | LMIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Brazil | UMIC | 82 | Yes | 5 | 70–80 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 5 ± 1 | ||
| Cameroon | LMIC | 1 | No | 7 ± 3.1 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | |||||||
| Canada | HIC | Yes | ||||||||||
| Cape Verde | LMIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Central African Republic | LIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| China | UMIC | 100 | Yes | 4, 7 | 40 | 1:0.18 | 40–50 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 6 ± 1.4 | 6 ± 5.7 |
| Colombia | UMIC | 10 | Yes | 10 | 1 | |||||||
| Cuba | UMIC | 9 | Yes | 6 | 9 | |||||||
| Denmark | HIC | 4 | Yes | 5 | 4 | 1:0 | 30–40 | 100–200 | Yes | No | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 5 |
| DR Congo | LIC | 0 | No | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | |||||||
| Egypt | LMIC | 3 | Yes | 5 ± 5.7 | 7.5 ± 0.7 | |||||||
| Estonia | HIC | 1 | No | 5 | 50–60 | 300–400 | No | No | 4 | 7 | ||
| Ethiopia | LIC | 3 | No | 5 | 15 | 1:0.15 | 70–80 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 3.2 |
| France | HIC | 5 | Yes | 5 | 0–10 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 6.5 ± 5 | 7 | ||
| Germany | HIC | Yes | 7 | 40–50 | 50–100 | Yes | Yes | 4.5 ± 5 | 3 ± 2.8 | |||
| Ghana | LMIC | 2 | No | 4, 7, 8 | 5–6 | 1:0.22 | 60–70 | 100–200 | Yes | No | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 4 ± 1.9 |
| Greece | HIC | 18 | No | 9 | 60–70 | 100–200 | Yes | Yes | 1 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | ||
| Haiti | LIC | 1 | Yes | 10 | 2 | |||||||
| Hungary | HIC | |||||||||||
| Iceland | HIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| India | LMIC | 120 | Yes | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 2.9 | |||||||
| Indonesia | UMIC | 8 | Yes | 5, 6 | 9–50 | 1:0.12 | >80 | 100–200 | Yes | Yes | 7.7 ± 2 | 6.5 ± 2.5 |
| Iran | UMIC | 20 | Yes | 8 | 10 | |||||||
| Iraq | UMIC | 3 | No | 5 | 15 | 10–20 | >500 | No | No | 2.1 | 1.4 | |
| Israel | HIC | 10 | Yes | 6 | 11 | 1:0.37 | >80 | Yes | No | 9 | 6 | |
| Japan | HIC | Yes | 5 | 50–60 | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Kenya | LMIC | 2 | No | 6 | 4 | 1:0 | >80 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 7.4 ± 3.4 | 3.8 ± 1.9 |
| Lebanon | UMIC | 5 | Yes | |||||||||
| Malaysia | UMIC | 1 | No | 4 | >80 | 100–200 | Yes | Yes | 9.3 ± 1 | 4.5 ± 2.6 | ||
| Mali | LIC | 1 | No | |||||||||
| Malta | HIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Mauritius | HIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Mexico | UMIC | 10 | Yes | 6 | 10–20 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 8 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | ||
| Mongolia | LMIC | 1 | Yes | 1 | 60–70 | 300–400 | No | No | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.5 | ||
| Montserrat | HIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Morocco | LMIC | 5 | No | 5 | 27 | 1:0.35 | 70–80 | 400–500 | Yes | Yes | 8.5 ± 2.1 | 5 ± 4.2 |
| Mozambique | LIC | 7 | No | 5 | 6 | 1:0.2 | 60–70 | >500 | Yes | No | 5 | 5 |
| Myanmar | LMIC | 3 | No | 8 | 70 | 1:0.37 | >80 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 5 | 1 |
| Nepal | LMIC | 2 | No | |||||||||
| Niger | LIC | 1 | No | 5 | 11 | 1:0.22 | 50–60 | 50–100 | Yes | No | 6 | 8 |
| Nigeria | LMIC | 6 | No | 4, 6, 7, 10 | 6–17 | 1:0.06 | >80 | 300–400 | Yes | Yes | 9 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.7 |
| Norway | HIC | 4 | Yes | 6 | 9 | 1:0.5 | 50–60 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 8 | 4 |
| Pakistan | LMIC | 2 | No | 3, 5 | 2–16 | 1:0.22 | >80 | >500 | Yes | No | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 2.2 |
| Paraguay | UMIC | 3 | No | 5 | 50–60 | 300–400 | Yes | Yes | 6 | 3 | ||
| Philippines | LMIC | 10 | Yes | 5, 6 | 3–12 | 1:0.5 | >80 | >500 | Yes | No | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 2.6 |
| Portugal | HIC | 11 | No | 6 | 7 | 1:0.75 | 60–70 | >500 | No | No | 8 | 8 |
| Romania | HIC | 15 | No | 6 | 50–60 | <50 | Yes | Yes | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 3 ± 1.7 | ||
| Russia | UMIC | 25 | Yes | 2, 5 | 30–40 | 100–200 | Yes | No | 6.8 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | ||
| Rwanda | LIC | 1 | Yes | |||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | HIC | 3 | Yes | 6 | 39 | 60–70 | 50–100 | Yes | No | 7 | 4 | |
| Senegal | LMIC | 1 | No | 1, 5 | 42 | 1:0.27 | 60–70 | 100–200 | No | No | 3 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 2.1 |
| South Africa | UMIC | 7 | Yes | 5 | 50–60 | 300–400 | Yes | Yes | 9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | ||
| Spain | HIC | 1 | Yes | 5 | 5 | 1:1.5 | 40–50 | 200–300 | Yes | Yes | 10 | 4 |
| Sudan | LIC | 1 | No | 6 | 25–36 | 1:0.64 | >80 | 300–400 | Yes | No | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 2.1 |
| Tanzania | LMIC | 1 | No | |||||||||
| Togo | LIC | 0 | No | |||||||||
| Turkey | UMIC | 50 | No | 3 | 9 | |||||||
| Uganda | LIC | 2 | No | 4, 7 | 3–13 | 1:0.14 | 10–20 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 9 ± 2 | 4 ± 4.2 |
| UK | HIC | 1 | Yes | 8 | 40–50 | 200–300 | Yes | No | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 2.1 | ||
| Ukraine | LMIC | 30 | Yes | 6 | 5 | 1:0.67 | 50–60 | >500 | Yes | No | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 3 ± 1.7 |
| USA | HIC | 105 | Yes | 7 | 3–11 | 1:0.2 | >80 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 2 |
| Venezuela | UMIC | 13 | Yes | 5 | >80 | >500 | Yes | Yes | 9 | 1 | ||
| Zambia | LMIC | 1 | No | |||||||||
| Zimbabwe | LMIC | 1 | No | 5 | 40–50 | Yes | No | 9 | 9 |