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. 2022 Sep 29;13:842468. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842468

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Copyright © 2022 Ruiz, Siracusano, Cottignies-Calamarte, Tudor, Real, Zhu, Pastori, Capron, Rosenberg, Temperton, Cantoni, Liao, Ternette, Moine, Godement, Geri, Chiche, Annane, Cramer Bordé, Lopalco and Bomsel

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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BAL from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals contain IgG- and IgA-spike immune complexes (ICs). (A) Anti-spike IgG ICs were detected in 32 of the 48 samples analyzed by ELISA. Indicated with a red asterisk are individuals who had undetectable levels of IgG anti-spike/NP antibodies. (B) Anti-spike IgA ICs were detected in 25 of the 48 samples analyzed by ELISA. Indicated with red asterisk are individuals who had undetectable levels of IgA anti-spike/NP antibodies. (C, D) Comparison of presence of ICs made of spike with IgG (c) or IgA (D) in SARS-CoV-2+ BAL individuals and SARS-CoV-2− BAL subjects. p-Values were calculated by using Mann–Whitney test: *, p < 0.05. (E, F) Comparison of presence of ICs made of spike with IgG (E) or IgA (F) in survivors vs non-survivors. (G, H) Correlation between specific S1 and levels of ICs made of spike with IgG (G) or IgA (H). Correlations were calculated using Spearman’s test. BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; NP, nucleocapsid protein.