Table 1.

Passages of African swine fever virus through primary cell culture

Parental virus		Cell culture	Passages	Virulence evaluation		References
Strain	Virulence			Safety (No. surviving)	Protection
Lisbon 60	Virulent	PBMCa	89	/	/	[9]
Portuguese 1455	Virulent	PBMC	70	Attenuated	+	[10]
Hinde	Virulent	PPKb	9	/	/	[4]
Spencer	Virulent	PPK	44	Attenuated (4/4)	+	[4]
Portuguese	Virulent	PPK	34	Attenuated (2/2)	+	[4]
Gasson	Virulent	PPK	23	Attenuated (1/2)	−*	[4]
Hinde WH II	Virulent	BCc	60	Attenuated (102/111)e	+ (40–59%)	[15]
Ugandan	Virulent	BC	65	Attenuated (2/2)	+	[16]
CV	Virulent	PLd and PBMC	44	Over-Attenuated (2/2)	−	[17]
Congo K49	Virulent	PBMC	262	Attenuated (10/11)	+	[18, 19]
France F-32	Virulent	PBMC	135	Attenuated (1/5)	−	[18, 19]
Lisbon-57	Virulent	PBMC and PL	/	Attenuated	+ (50–70%)	[20]
Katanga-78	Virulent	PBMC	/	Attenuatedf	+ (50–80%)	[20]
Congo-49	Virulent	PBMC	/	Attenuatedg	+ (75%)	[20]
Mozambique-78	Virulent	PBMC	/	Attenuatedh	+ (90%)	[20]
France-32	Virulent	PBMC	/	Attenuated	+	[20]
Rhodesia	Virulent	PBMC and PL	/	Attenuatedi	+	[20]

^aPBMC primary bone marrow cell

^bPPK primary pig kidney cell

^cBC buffy-coat culture

^dPL pig leukocyte

^eSeveral pigs developed a mild febrile reaction and slight swellings over their joints

^f42% of the pigs had a slight temperature reaction

^gThe vaccinated pigs developed depression, high-temperature reaction (fever), and hemorrhages in parenchymal organs

^h20% of pigs showed a high temperature after vaccination

ⁱViremia (up to 10^5.0 hemagglutinating unit (HAU)₅₀/mL) was detected in vaccinated pigs two weeks after infection

*The vaccinated pig remained normal until 30 days after challenge when it suddenly showed a high temperature and signs suggestive of ASF infection

/ unknown; + provided protection; − provided no protection