Fig. 2.

Estrogen receptor signaling pathways: genomic or NISS pathways and the non-genomic or MISS pathway. AKT, protein kinase B; CoA, co-activator; CoR, co-activator receptor; CDK4/6, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6; ER, estrogen receptor; ERE, estrogen responsive element; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IGF1, insulin growth factor 1; MISS, membrane-initiated steroid signaling; mTORi, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NISS, nuclear-initiated steroid signaling; PI3Ki, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor; TFs, transcription factors