Table 2.

Effect of MNP injection on DNA damage induced in ESC and muscle tissues

Groups	Tail length (µm) (mean ± SE)	% DNA in tail (mean ± SE)	Tail moment (µm) (mean ± SE)
Group 1 (control) (muscles)	5.7 ± 1.4 a	4.8 ± 0.5 a	0.3 ± 0.6 a
Group 2 (IP MNPs) (muscles)	12.9 ± 2.1 b, c,*	11.5 ± 1.8 b,*	1.5 ± 2.0 b,*
Group 3 (IM MNPs) (muscles)	13.1 ± 1.7 c,*	16.3 ± 1.4 c,*	6.2 ± 0.7 c,*
Group 4 (ESC) (tumor)	11.2 ± 1.8 b, c,*	7.3 ± 0.6 a, b,*	0.8 ± 0.9 a,b, c
Group 5 (ESC + IP MNPs) (tumor)	9.15 ± 1.0 a,b	9.14 ± 1.2 a, b,*	0.9 ± 0.2 a,b
Group 6 (ESC + IT MNPs) (tumor)	20.8 ± 0.9 c,*	31.2 ± 3.2 d,*	11.2 ± 1.1c,*

All values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SE). There is a significant difference between groups by using one-way ANOVA at P < 0.05 followed by Duncan multiple comparison test. The same letter means that there is no significant difference between the two groups by using Duncan multiple comparison test (P > 0.05). The different letters mean that there is a significant difference between the two groups by using Duncan multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). *Statistically significant compared with negative control using Student’s t- test