Table 1.

Overview of Person with Dementia and Caregiver Specific Outcome Measures

	Outcome Measures	Instrument	Psychometric Properties of Instrument	Number of Items	Total Score RangeA	Subscale Score RangeA
PWD specific outcomes	Cognitive function	MoCA	Cronbach’s α range: 0.83 Test-retest reliability: r = 0.92 Construct validity established through CFA (Freitas et al., 2012; Nasreddine et al., 2005)	16	0–30	N/A
	BPSD
	Global BPSD	NPI	Cronbach’s α range: 0.71–0.88 Percentage agreement between raters: 93.6%–100% Test-retest reliability range (r): 0.79–0.86 (Jackson et al., 2014; Lai, 2014)	12	0–144	CG Distress Subscale: 0–60
	Agitation	CMAI-Relatives version	Cronbach’s α range: 0.860.91 Inter-rater reliability: 0.41 Construct validity established through CFA (Cohen-Mansfield et al., 1989; Rabinowitz et al., 2005)	34	34–238	N/A
	Anxiety	RAID *	Cronbach’s α: 0.83 Inter-rater reliability k range: 0.51–1 Test-retest reliability k range: 0.53–1 Construct validity established through CFA (Shankar et al., 1999)	18	0–54	N/A
	Sleep disturbances	NPI-Sleep Domain	See NPI instrument above	18	1–12	Frequency subscale: 1–4 Severity subscale: 1–3 CG distress subscale: 0–5
		PSQI	Cronbach’s α: 0.85 Test-retest reliability: r = 0.87 (Backhaus et al., 2002)	9	0–21	N/A
		ESS	Cronbach’s α: 0.73–0.86 Convergent validity established by comparing ESS with PSQI scores (Kendzerska et al., 2014)	8	0–24	N/A
	Quality of life	QOL-AD*	PWD report Cronbach’s α: 0.83 CG Proxy Report Cronbach’s α: 0.90 ICC between CR and proxy CG proxy report: r = 0.14–0.39 Construct validity established through CFA (Logsdon et al., 1999; Thorgrimsen et al., 2003)	13	13–52	N/A
CG specific outcomes	Well-being	CWBS	Cronbach’s α: 0.83 Construct validity established through CFA (Berg-Weger et al., 2000; Tebb et al., 2013)	16	1–5	Basic needs subscale: 1–5 ADL subscale: 1–5
	Self-reported health status	SF-12	Cronbach’s α range 0.76–0.85 Test-retest reliability range: 0.76–0.89 Construct validity established through CFA (Jakobsson, 2007)	12	0–100	Physical health composite subscale: 0–100 Mental health composite subscale: 0–100

Note. ADL activities of daily living, BPSD, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, CFA confirmatory factor analysis, CG caregiver, CMAI Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Relatives version, CWBS Caregiver Well-Being Scale, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory, PWD person with dementia, RAID Rating Anxiety in Dementia Scale, SF-12 Optum SF-12v.2 Health Survey

^*The RAID and QOL-AD are completed independently by self-report by the person living with dementia, and by proxy report by the caregiver to yield a person with dementia reported total score, and a caregiver reported total score.

^A

Information on Scale and Subscale Ranges

• MoCA: Higher scores indicate better cognitive function. ≤9 indicative of moderate dementia, ≤17 indicative of mild dementia, ≤23 indicative of mild cognitive impairment, ≤30 normal cognitive function
• NPI: Higher scores indicative of greater frequency and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Higher caregiver distress scores indicate of greater caregiver distress related to neuropsychiatric symptoms.
• CMAI: Higher scores indicative of greater agitation severity. Score of ≥ 39 suggest clinically significant agitation.
• RAID: Higher scores indicative of greater anxiety. Score of ≥ 11 suggests clinically significant anxiety.
• PSQI: Higher total scores indicative of overall worse sleep quality. Score of ≥ 5 suggests clinically significant sleep disturbances.
• ESS: Higher scores indicate more severe daytime sleepiness.
• QOL-AD: Higher scores are reflective of higher reported quality of life.
• CWBS: Higher total scores indicate greater reported well-being. Higher needs and activities of daily living domain scores indicate that the needs and activities are being met.