TABLE 1.
Overview of studies reporting reference values for blood pressure during exercise testing in childhood.
| Author | Age | N (m/f) | Country | Selection | Device | Protocol | Termination | Normalization | Adjustment | Limitations |
| Clarke et al., 2021 (31) | 6–18 y | 648 (314/334) | Australia | Single center routine examination, normal cardiac anatomy, BMI < P95, BP < P95 | Treadmill | Bruce protocol | Exhaustion | P5, P10, P50, P90, P95 of SBP change | Age, sex, height | Reports only change of SBP from baseline |
| Sasaki et al., 2021 (34) | 7–17 y | 1085 (642/397) | USA | Single center routine examination, normal cardiac anatomy | Treadmill | Modified Bruce protocol | Exhaustion | Table for P5, P10, P50, P90, P95 of SBP/DBP Formula by linear regression for P50, P90, P95 of SBP |
Age, sex | No adjustment for height |
| Burstein et al., 2021 (59) | 6–18 y | 1829 (951/878) | USA | Single center routine examination, BMI P5-P95, normal cardiac anatomy | Cycle | Ramp (10–25 W/min) | Exhaustion | Trajectories and formula (fractional polynomial regression) | Age, sex, BMI, race | Not readily usable in practice |
| Szmigielska et al., 2016 (32) | 10–18 y | 711 (457/254) | Poland | Athletes, single center, resting BP < P90 | Cycle | Individual (multi stage 30/60 W every 3 min) | Exhaustion | Diagram (multivariate linear regression) depicting 2 SEE | Age, sex, workload | No adjustment for height |
| Hacke and Weisser, 2016 (33) | 12–17 y | 492 (251/241) | Germany | 6 public schools no diagnosis of hypertension or CV disease | Cycle | Individual (multi-stage 0.5 W/kg every 3 min) | Submaximal 1.5 W/kg | P95 and P90 of SBP | Age, sex | No adjustment for height |
| Wanne and Haapoja, 1988 (60) | 9–18 y | 497 (260/237) | Finland | Random sample from multi-center study (n = 14.487) corrected for age and social class | Cycle | Ramp (HR controlled, increment of 8 bpm) | HR of 170 bpm | Trajectories with 2SD adjusted | Sex, HR, puberty (9–12 y/14–18 y) |
Age group 12–14 y not reported |
BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CV, cardiovascular; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; f, female; HR, heart rate; m, male; N, number; P, percentile; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SEE, standard error of estimate; W, watt; y, years.