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. 2022 Oct 13;12:17143. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21352-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Laser intensity (color surface plot) overlaid on the lithium electron number density (grayscale image) at $15 fs$ , when an intensity of $2.6 \times 10^{28} W m^{- 2}$ is reached. (B) Overlay of three successive electron number density distributions, with a time step of $20 fs$ . The first layer is at $- 5 fs$ , when the main pulse is within the cavity. The overlay of the three layers reveals the temporal dynamics of the cavity formation within the target.