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. 2022 Oct 13;12:17152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22140-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Multiple types of programmed necrosis are active simultaneously in the IR retina. (A) The results of the pathway analysis revealed that many genes with increased expression in the ischemic retina are involved in programmed (regulated) necrosis (red arrows indicate pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, dark red arrows indicate signaling cascades involved in programmed necrosis). (B) The expression of many genes regulating necroptosis, pyroptosis, oxytosis/ferroptosis, and parthanatos is significantly increased in the ischemic retina 6 and 24 h after reperfusion. We highlighted in dark red those genes whose expression was significantly increased (two-fold or more) in IR retinas. (C, D) The representative KEGG pathway maps show increased expression of necroptosis, oxytosis/ferroptosis, and parthanatos genes in the IR retina. The red box corresponds to increased gene expression in the ischemic retina, the green box corresponds to reduced gene expression in the ischemic retina.