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. 2022 Aug 28;9(29):2203291. doi: 10.1002/advs.202203291

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Representative bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting. A) The process of DFU wound infection, chronicization, and biofilm colonization. Reproduced with permission.[ 28 ] Copyright 2019, MDPI. B) Representative images of biofilms on the full‐thickness burn wounds. I): Large collections of gram‐positive cocci form a biofilm on the surface of an ulcerated burn wound. Wound dressing remnants are present on the top left. II): Low power transmission electron micrograph of a mixed bacterial biofilm consisting of rods and cocci, some of which are degenerated (arrows). III): Scanning electron micrograph of the edge of an escharotomy site. The burn surface can be observed on the top right. A large collection of mixed bacteria with the typical appearance of a biofilm can be seen below the surface within dermal collagen. Reproduced with permission.[ 45 ] Copyright 2010, Elsevier. C) In vivo evidence suggesting H. pylori biofilm formation in the gastric glands of humans. I): Large aggregates of H. pylori colonizing the surface of gastric glands; II): H. pylori aggregates colonizing the neck of gastric glands, with proliferative cells; III) colonies of H. pylori deep in the gland, in the vicinity of stem cells. H. pylori stained in green, actin stained in red and DNA nucleus stained in blue. Reproduced with permission.[ 58 ] Copyright 2019, Frontiers Media S.A. D) Dental plaque architecture: The EPS matrix, spatial organization, and polymicrobial composition. I): Plaque biofilm from a caries‐active subject: microscopic image (inset) of plaque‐biofilm showing a selected area containing bacterial cells (highlighted in orange) enmeshed in EPS (in dark blue); the image was pseudo‐colored using Adobe Photoshop software for visualization purposes. II): Bacterial clusters (green) surrounded by EPS matrix (red) detected in mature mixed‐species oral biofilms formed in sucrose. III): Spatial organization of human dental plaque showing multiple clusters of varying sizes containing different microbial species. Reproduced with permission.[ 71 ] Copyright 2018, Elsevier. E) I): A catheter was removed surgically that had been indwelling suprapubically for 6 months. Crystalline material completely covered the eyehole and balloon of the hydrogel‐coated latex catheter. II): A cross‐section of a silicone catheter that had been indwelling for 8 weeks. The image shows that the central lumen was occluded by crystalline biofilm. III): A longitudinal section of a silver‐hydrogel‐coated latex catheter that became blocked after 11 days in situ. Reproduced with permission.[ 86 ] Copyright 2008, Springer Nature.