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. 2022 Sep 30;12:960858. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960858

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Wang, Zhang, Gong, Zhang, Yang, Qu, Wu, Ma, Wang and Qian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Huaier inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro by inducing ferroptosis. (A) TEM images showing the mitochondria in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the Huaier treatment (the yellow arrow reflects cristae, and the red arrow reflects the outer membrane). (B) Western blotting showing the protein levels of COX2, SLC7A11 and GPX4 in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the Huaier treatment. (C) CCK8 assay showing the viability of Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus ferrostain-1 (Fer-1) treatments for 96 h. (D, E) Colony formation assay and its statistical analysis showing the cell proliferation of Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus Fer-1 treatment for 2 weeks. (F, G) Immunofluorescence-based DCFH-DA staining and statistical analysis showing the intracellular ROS levels in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after treatment with various concentrations of Huaier. (H, I) The measurement of GSH and MDA concentrations in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and RSL3 treatments. ns P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, scale bar = 500 nm.