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. 2022 Sep 30;12:960858. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960858

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Wang, Zhang, Gong, Zhang, Yang, Qu, Wu, Ma, Wang and Qian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Huaier induced autophagy in pancreatic cancer. (A) TEM images showing autophagosomes (red arrows) in the Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the Huaier treatment. (B, C) Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 puncta (white arrows) and statistical analysis of the Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after Huaier treatment. (D) Western blotting showing the protein levels of P‐EGFR, P-ERK, P-ULK, BECLIN and LC3 in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after Huaier treatment. (E–G) ad-mRFP-GFP-LC3-based fluorescence images of autophagosomes (yellow) and autophagolysosomes (red) and their statistical analysis in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after Huaier treatment. (H) IHC staining of LC3 and P62 showing the autophagy status of pancreatic cancer tumours in the control and Huaier groups. *P < 0.05, scale bar = 100 μm.