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. 2022 Sep 30;12:960858. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960858

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Wang, Zhang, Gong, Zhang, Yang, Qu, Wu, Ma, Wang and Qian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Huaier promoted ferroptosis by activating autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. (A, B) Colony formation assay and its statistical analysis show cell proliferation of Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus wortmannin (WM) treatments for 2 weeks. (C) CCK8 assay showing the viability of Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus WM treatments for 96 h. (D) Western blotting showing the protein levels of FTH1, COX2, SLC7A11, GPX4 and LC3 in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells treated with control, Huaier or Huaier plus WM. (E, F) The measurement of GSH and MDA concentrations in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus WM treatments. (G) TEM images showed ferroptosis-like mitochondria (green arrows) and autophagosomes (red arrows) in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells after the control, Huaier and Huaier plus WM treatments. *P < 0.05, scale bar = 500 nm.