Table 3. Impact of Health Harms vs Addiction Real Cost Advertisements on Trial Outcomesa.
| Measure | Vaping outcomes | Smoking outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real Cost, mean (SD) | Difference between groups | Real Cost, mean (SD) | Difference between groups | |||||
| Health harms | Addiction | b (95% CI) | P value | Health harms | Addiction | b (95% CI) | P value | |
| Susceptibility | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 2.31 (0.98) | 2.45 (0.94) | −0.14 (−0.27 to −0.01) | .03 | 2.22 (1.00) | 2.31 (1.03) | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.05) | .20 |
| Visit 2 | 2.53 (0.96) | 2.62 (0.96) | −0.09 (−0.21 to 0.03) | .14 | 2.34 (1.03) | 2.40 (1.03) | −0.08 (−0.21 to 0.05) | .24 |
| Visit 3 | 2.37 (0.99) | 2.40 (0.99) | −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.08) | .52 | 2.18 (1.03) | 2.20 (1.01) | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.10) | .63 |
| Visit 4 | 2.16 (1.04) | 2.21 (1.01) | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.07) | .40 | 2.02 (1.02) | 2.05 (1.02) | −0.04 (−0.17 to 0.09) | .57 |
| Attention | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 4.41 (0.84) | 4.30 (0.87) | 0.11 (0.01 to 0.21) | .04 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 2 | 4.49 (0.81) | 4.38 (0.85) | 0.13 (0.02 to 0.24) | .02 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 3 | 4.49 (0.79) | 4.49 (0.77) | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) | .62 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Negative affect | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 3.25 (1.07) | 3.03 (1.10) | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.37) | .001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 2 | 3.35 (1.13) | 3.10 (1.17) | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.41) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 3 | 3.42 (1.13) | 3.19 (1.19) | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.38) | .003 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cognitive elaboration | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 3.13 (1.26) | 3.06 (1.23) | 0.07 (−0.08 to 0.22) | .35 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 2 | 3.28 (1.15) | 3.27 (1.19) | 0.01 (−0.15 to 0.17) | .86 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 3 | 3.49 (1.16) | 3.44 (1.13) | 0.06 (−0.10 to 0.22) | .44 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 4 | 3.59 (1.20) | 3.57 (1.21) | 0.01 (−0.15 to 0.17) | .85 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Social interactions | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 2.81 (1.37) | 2.66 (1.38) | 0.14 (−0.03 to 0.31) | .10 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 2 | 2.97 (1.32) | 2.95 (1.37) | 0.05 (−0.12 to 0.22) | .60 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 3 | 3.19 (1.31) | 3.16 (1.28) | 0.05 (−0.12 to 0.22) | .58 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Visit 4 | 3.33 (1.39) | 3.20 (1.36) | 0.13 (−0.04 to 0.30) | .15 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Health harm risk beliefs | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 4.11 (0.97) | 3.93 (1.02) | 0.18 (0.05 to 0.31) | .01 | 3.92 (1.23) | 3.95 (1.19) | −0.02 (−0.17 to 0.14) | .76 |
| Visit 2 | 3.83 (1.06) | 3.84 (1.10) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.11) | .74 | 3.80 (1.27) | 3.81 (1.27) | −0.01 (−0.17 to 0.15) | .92 |
| Visit 3 | 3.98 (1.08) | 4.00 (1.07) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.11) | .76 | 3.87 (1.26) | 3.87 (1.30) | .01 (−0.15 to 0.18) | .95 |
| Visit 4 | 4.09 (1.08) | 4.09 (1.03) | −0.01 (−0.15 to 0.13) | .97 | 4.02 (1.22) | 3.98 (1.28) | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | .54 |
| Addiction risk beliefs | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 3.66 (1.20) | 3.73 (1.09) | −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) | .37 | 3.72 (1.32) | 3.81 (1.22) | −0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07) | .28 |
| Visit 2 | 3.66 (1.11) | 3.61 (1.15) | 0.05 (−0.10 to 0.20) | .51 | 3.63 (1.34) | 3.70 (1.29) | −0.07 (−0.24 to 0.10) | .40 |
| Visit 3 | 3.69 (1.13) | 3.68 (1.17) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.16) | .88 | 3.70 (1.36) | 3.79 (1.27) | −0.10 (−0.27 to 0.07) | .23 |
| Visit 4 | 3.77 (1.18) | 3.78 (1.13) | −0.02 (−0.17 to 0.13) | .82 | 3.79 (1.33) | 3.82 (1.33) | −0.04 (−0.21 to 0.13) | .61 |
| Attitudes | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 2.48 (1.16) | 2.60 (1.16) | −0.12 (−0.27 to 0.03) | .11 | 2.36 (1.38) | 2.35 (1.37) | 0.01 (−0.17 to 0.18) | .90 |
| Visit 2 | 2.76 (1.20) | 2.84 (1.22) | −0.09 (−0.24 to 0.06) | .24 | 2.52 (1.45) | 2.54 (1.47) | −0.04 (−0.22 to 0.14) | .68 |
| Visit 3 | 2.57 (1.27) | 2.58 (1.27) | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.13) | .73 | 2.35 (1.44) | 2.32 (1.42) | 0.02 (−0.16 to 0.20) | .85 |
| Visit 4 | 2.35 (1.29) | 2.37 (1.25) | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.13) | .73 | 2.13 (1.38) | 2.16 (1.42) | −0.04 (−0.22 to 0.14) | .68 |
| Days used in the past week | ||||||||
| Visit 1 | 2.91 (1.82) | 2.93 (1.81) | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.19) | .67 | 2.81 (1.91) | 2.90 (1.79) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | .66 |
| Visit 2 | 2.30 (2.15) | 2.33 (2.14) | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.18) | .70 | 1.94 (2.05) | 2.00 (2.03) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.19) | .60 |
| Visit 3 | 2.12 (2.16) | 2.23 (2.21) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.15) | .51 | 1.77 (1.97) | 1.86 (2.01) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18) | .55 |
| Visit 4 | 1.86 (2.08) | 1.98 (2.19) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.12) | .37 | 1.61 (1.94) | 1.63 (2.00) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | .70 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
Results are from linear mixed models, including unstandardized regression coefficients (b). Because days used in the past week had a Poisson-distributed count outcome, analyses used a log link function; these coefficients have been exponentiated and reflect multiplicative effects of trial group.