Table 2.
Characteristics of the four cohort studies and the two cross-sectional studies included in a systematic review.
| First Author, Year | Region of Origin | Number of Patients | Mean or Median Age of Patients [Years] | Clinical Diagnosis | HCT | Hepcidin Assay | Type of Biological Material | Mean or Median Hepcidin Levels in Patients | Follow-Up | Main Study Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kanda et al., 2009 [22] |
Asia (Japan) |
55 (W: 28 M: 27) |
47 (whole cohort) Two groups of patients *: Low-hepcidin—47.5 (n = 38) High-hepcidn—47 (n = 17) |
23 AML, 9 MDS/ MPN, 9 NHL, 8 ALL, 5 ATL, 1 HL |
Yes (47 allogeneic) |
LC/ESI-MS/MS | Blood (serum) | 21.6 ng/mL (pre-HCT) |
100 days post-HCT | (1) high hepcidin levels (≥ 50 ng/mL) are associated with an increased risk of bacterial infection post-HCT (2) hepcidin as a biomarker of bacterial infection post-HCT |
| Armand et al., 2011 [33] |
North America (USA) | 48 (ND) |
47 | 29 AML, 11 ALL, 8 MDS | Yes (48 allogeneic) |
MALDI-TOF MS | Blood (plasma or serum) † Urine |
59 ng/mL (blood, pre-HCT, n = 39) |
- | (1) blood hepcidin levels are correlated to other iron parameters |
| 110 ng/mg creatinine (urine, n = 33) | ||||||||||
| Naoum et al., 2016 [35] |
South America (Brazil) | 25 (W: 15 M: 10) |
46 | 13 MM, 8 ML, 3 AL, 1 seminoma |
Yes (25 autologous) |
ELISA (DRG Instruments GmbH, Marburg, Germany) |
Blood (serum) | 25.1 ng/mL (before the start of conditioning) |
engraftment # | (1) hepcidin levels were higher before SC infusion and on engraftment than before the start of conditioning |
| 40.0 ng/mL (before SC infusion) | ||||||||||
| 39.1 ng/mL (on engraftment) | ||||||||||
| Sakamoto et al., 2017 [24] |
Asia (Japan) |
166 (W: 74 M: 92) |
49.5 (whole cohort) Two groups of patients ‡: Low-hepcidin—47 (n = 83) High-hepcidn—51 (n = 83) ‡ |
103 MMa, 63 LM | Yes (166 allogeneic) |
SELDI-TOF MS | Blood (serum) | 7.8 ng/mL $ | 46.8 months (median) | (1) high hepcidin levels (≥35 ng/mL) are associated with lower overall survival post-HCT (2) high hepcidin levels are associated with a lower incidence of platelet engraftment post-HCT |
| 35.0 ng/mL (pre-HCT) | ||||||||||
| Wermke et al., 2018 [38] |
Europe (Germany) | 112 (W: 47 M:65) |
62 (whole cohort) Two groups of patients €: eLPI μmol/L ≤ 0.4—62 (n = 85) eLPI μmol/L > 0.4 —62 (n = 27) |
90 AML, 22 MDS | Yes (112 allogeneic) |
ELISA (DRG Instruments GmbH, Marburg, Germany) |
Blood (serum) | 77 ng/mL (whole cohort; pre-HCT) |
373 days (median) | (1) hepcidin levels were higher in the eLPI > 0.4 μmol/L group pre-HCT and on day 21 post-HCT |
| eLPI ≤ 0.4 μmol/L: 70 ng/mL (pre-HCT) 64 ng/mL (on the day of HCT) 81 ng/mL (on day 21 post-HCT) | ||||||||||
| eLPI > 0.4 μmol/L: 103 ng/mL (pre-HCT) 83 ng/mL (on the day of HCT) 127 ng/mL (on day 21 post-HCT) | ||||||||||
| Wande et al., 2020 [39] |
Asia (Indonesia) | 48 (W: 17 M: 31) |
Three groups of patients: induction phase—6.8 (n = 16) consolidation phase—9.7 (n = 16) maintenance phase—7.8 (n = 16) |
48 ALL | No | ELISA (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Jiaxing, China) |
Blood (serum) | 7.545 ng/mL (induction phase) |
- | (1) hepcidin levels vary depending on disease state |
| 1.728 ng/mL (consolidation phase) | ||||||||||
| 0.210 ng/mL (maintenance phase) |
* Patients were divided into two groups: low-hepcidin group (hepcidin levels lower than 50 ng/mL; n = 38), high-hepcidin group (hepcidin levels greater than 50 ng/mL; n = 17). † In the materials and methods section, the authors reported that they measured plasma levels of hepcidin, but the results report the levels of hepcidin in serum samples. ‡ Patients were divided into two groups: low-hepcidin group (hepcidin levels lower than 35 ng/mL; n = 83), high-hepcidin group (hepcidin levels greater than 35 ng/mL; n = 83). # Engraftment was defined as the first of 3 consecutive days with an absolute neutrophil count of at least 0.5 × 109/L. $ In the results section, the authors presented the hepcidin levels in the healthy volunteers; however, this group was not described in materials and methods, and there are no details regarding this analysis; hence, we arbitrarily concluded that the study is a cohort. € Patients were divided into two groups: eLPI (enhanced labile plasma iron) ≤ 0.4 μmol/L (n = 85), eLPI > 0.4 μmol/L (n = 27). Abbreviations: AL = acute leukemia; ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML = acute myeloid leukemia; ATL = adult T-cell leukemia; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HL = Hodgkin lymphoma; HCT = hematopoietic cell transplantation; LC/ESI-MS/MS = liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; LM = lymphoid malignancies; M = man; MALDI-TOF MS = matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MDS = myelodysplastic syndrome; ML = malignant lymphoma; MM = multiple myeloma; MMa = myeloid malignancies; ND = not determined; NHL = non-Hodgkin lymphoma; SELDI-TOF MS = surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; SC = stem cell; W = woman.