TABLE 2.
Overview of included studies.
| Publication | Participants | Intervention | Comparison | Measurement | Design | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zheng, (2017) | n = 200 | 24 style Taichi + basic skill + theory; f = 1 classes/week*5 months | Taichi only | MH: SCL-90 | One group pre-post: NRNCT | Body Shape (WC, HC, Weight)↑; Physical function (RHR, LC)↑; Pyscial fitness (Stand on one foot with eyes closed↑, sit- reach↑, 800 m↑, jump↑, front kick↑); SCL-90↑ |
| sex = female | PH: body-composition | |||||
| age = 18–21 | Cardiopulmonary function; Balance; muscular strength | |||||
| Sui et al. (2018) | n = 90 | style = no mention | L- physical score vs. M score, H score group | MH: Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES) | Three groups pre-post: NRCT | LG and MG-PH (sit-ups↑, jump↑, RB↑,sit-reach↑, weight↔, BMI↔), HG↔ (decrease trend) |
| sex = female | f = 2 s/week*4 weeks classes | PH: Japanese national physical fitness test method | MH (happiness↑; fatigue↑; troubled feeling↑) | |||
| age = no mention (grade3-4) | ||||||
| Shi et al. (2014) | n = 72 | style = no mention | two teaching methods of Taichi; (Decomposition and Connection-Group Cooperation-Gradual Examination”) vs (standard classes) | MH: SCL-90 | Two groups pre-post: NRCT | Height↔, weight↔, sit-ups↔. VC↑, VCBMI↑; Jump↑ and 800 m↑ |
| sex = female | 1 s/week*one semester | PH: National physical and health standards for students in China | SCL-90 (F2-F5↑, F8↑) | |||
| age = no mention (grade 1) | ||||||
| Wang, (2021) | n = 60 | style = no mention | Taichi vs. Aerobics | MH:SCL-90 | Two-groups pre-post: CCT | body-building exercise VS. TC (Height↔; Weight ↑,•; BMI ↑•; WHR↔; Body fat↑; LWB↔,•; Rate of body fat•; Skinfold,↑•) (RHR↑, SBP, DBP, Cardiac function index↑, Step index↑•, LC↑•, VCBMI↑•, Maximum oxygen uptake↑, Simple reaction time↑, Stand on one foot with eyes closed↑); SCL-90(F1-F8↑, F9↔, F1, F3, F4, F5•) |
| f = 60 | frequency = no mention | PH: Body-composition; Cardiopulmonary function; balance; reaction time | ||||
| age = 20–24 | long = 4 months | |||||
| Robert-Mccomb et al. (2015) | n = 17 | style = no mention. F = 60 m*2S/week*8 weeks | Taichi vs. CG | MH: stess; anxiety | Two-groups pre-post: RCT | STAI scores↑; SDNN; Coping styles (PFSOC-RF↑、PFSOC-RC↑、PFSOC-SP↑); Heart rate↑ |
| sex = male | PH: heart rate-stressor | |||||
| age = 18–45 | ||||||
| Converse et al. (2014) | n = 28/44 | 24 style, f = 50 m*2 s/week*15 weeks | Taichi vs. CG | MH: attention; cognitive measures; ADHD; Affective processing | Two groups pre-mid/post-test: NRCT | CM↔, (WM↔, PB↔, RI↔, AP↔, ADHD SS,↔); ADHD (Inattention↑, Hyperactivity–impulsivity↑); AP (bias↑, RT variability↑) |
| sex = f/t>57% | PH: Balance. Lesuire -exercise time | |||||
| age = 18–34 | ||||||
| Zhu et al. (2019) | n = 125 | 24 style; f = 60 m*5 s/week*4 weeks | Taichi only | MH: Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist; Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | One-group pre-post:NRNCT | ASLEC↑; PHQ-9 ↑ |
| sex = f/m (94/31) | ||||||
| age = 19.15 ± 0.87 | ||||||
| Hua and Sun, (2021) | n = 210 | 24 style; f = 80 m*1 s/week*12w | Taichi vs yoga, body-shape exercise, CG | MH: mindfulness; depression, anxiety, stress | Four-groups pre-post: CCT | MAAS(Taichi, yoga)↑; MAAS(BSE,CG)↔; Depression (Taichi, yoga)↑; Dpression (BSE,CG)↔ |
| f/m = 177/33 | ||||||
| age = 20–22 | ||||||
| Zheng et al. (2015) | n = 206 | 24 style, f = 1 h*5 s/week*12w | Taichi vs CG | MH: self-esteem, stress, attention | Two groups pre-post: RCT | Taichi vs CG (self-efficacy, self-reported psychological symptoms, stress, and attention) ↔; flexibility (Sit-reach)↑; balance, (open eyes perimeter↑, closed eyes perimeter↑); SO (cardio-pulmonary function, blood pressure, HR, mood and mindfulness, self-esteem, quality of life, and quality of sleep)↔ |
| sex = f/m | 12 weeks Follow-Up Period | PH: Balance, lower limb proprioception function; flexibility | ||||
| age = 20.6 ± 1 | ||||||
| Wang, (2008) | n = 11/19 | 24 style; f = 1 h*2 s/week*3 months | Taichi only | MH: MHD of SF-36V2 | One-group pre-post: NRNCT | 1. PHD↔(BP↑, GHP↑) |
| sex = m/f | PH: PHD of SF-36V2 | 2. MHD↑(RE↑, MH↑, VT↑) | ||||
| age = 24.23 | ||||||
| Wong et al. (2020) | n = 240 | 24 style; f = 1 h*2 s/week*18 weeks | Taichi only | MH: SCL-90 | One-group pre-post:NRNCT | Well-being (PTS,PHS,BV,PA,PS)↔; Scl-90 (F1↔,F5-F7↔,F2-F4↑,F8-F9↑) |
| sex = m/f (192/48) | PH: Well-being | |||||
| age = 19–21 | ||||||
| Yuan et al. (2017) | n = 28 | 24 style; f = 1 h*4 s/week*20 weeks | Taichi vs CG | PH: body composition; Power cycling test; blood collection | Two-groups pre-post: CCT | (Height; Weight↑; Body fat↑; BMI↑; HR↔; SBP↑; DBP↑; LC↑; Leg strength↑; Basal metabolic rate↔); (Quiet state: E; NE; CST; NE/CST.TCVS CG,↔) (Immediately after acute motor stress: E; NE; CST; NE/CST.T VS. C,↑) |
| sex = f/m (14/14) | ||||||
| age = no mention | ||||||
| Nedeljkovic et al. (2012) | n = 70 | 37 Yang style (selected 18 movements); f = 60 min*2 s/week*12 weeks | Taichi vs CG | MH: stress; repeated salivary cortisol levels; repeated a-amylase, heart rate; depression | Two groups pre-post: RCT | Taichi vs CG: stressfulness↑, Calmness↑, Mood↔; a-Amylase↑, HR↑ |
| sex = f/m=(32/17) | ||||||
| age = 35.74/35.47 | ||||||
| Chung et al. (2013) | n = 48 | style = Yang (self-made) | TCV (vibration) vs TCC, CON | PH: Balance | Two groups pre-post: RCT | Muscle activation Balance (MA↑), Balance control (KE↑,KF↔); First jump (KE↔,KF↑); Second j (KE↔,KF↔) |
| sex = f/m (25/23) | 30 m*3 s/week*8 weeks | |||||
| age = 18–22 | ||||||
| Caldwell et al. (2009) | n = 98 | Chen style Taichi; f = 50 m/3 s/week or 75 m/2 s/week*15 weeks | Taichi vs Pilates, recreational (classes) | MH: efficacy, sleep quality, mood | Three groups pre-mid-post; NRCT | Pilates (SE↑,SRE↑,insomniacs↑); Taichi (SE↑), sleep quality↔; mood↔; taichi; and Pilates (positive↑,relaxation↑, negative mood -mid↑); strength and balance,↔. |
| sex = f/m50/48 | PH: strength, Balance | |||||
| Age = 18–32 | ||||||
| Gallego et al. (2016) | n = 282 | Style = no mention; f = 30 m*2 s/week*12weeks | Taichi vs Mindfulness, Yoga, and CG | MH: anxiety, stress, depression | Four groups pre-post: CCT | Mindfulness > Yoga > Taichi > Control; Mindfuness (stress↑); Yoga (anxiety↑); Taichi (anxiety↑),CG↔, DASS T↔ |
| f/m = 154/128 | ||||||
| age = 18–49 | ||||||
| Caldwell et al. (2010) | n = 166 | style = Chen | Taichi vs Pilates, GYROKINESIS® courses | MH: mindfulness; sleep, stress, quality, self-efficacy, mood | 3 groups pre-mid-post: NRCT; (HLMs) | mindfulness↑; pilates > taichi > GYROKINESIS®; mindfulness-m-(Tired Mood, Negative Arousal, Relaxed Mood, and Perceived Stress) - sleep quality |
| m/f = 25/141 | f = 50 m/3 s/week*15 weeks | |||||
| age = 18–41 | or 75 m/2 s/week*15 | |||||
| Gao et al. (2012) | n = 90 | style = no mention | Taichi vs. Taichi Tuishou | MH: SCL-90 | Two groups pre-post:CCT | SCL-90: Taichi (F1-F3↑); Tui shou (F1↑,F4-F6↑) |
| sex = f/m (44/46) | f = 50 m*2 s/week*16 weeks | |||||
| age = 18–22 | ||||||
| Cao et al. (2014) | n = 266 | taichi classes = no style | basketball, badminton, swimming vs. Taichi | MH: SCL-90 | Four-group pre-post: NRCT | All sports-MPH(2400 m↔, Jump↔, sit-reach↔, push-up↔), FPH (2000m↔, Jump↔,sit-reach↔, ↔sit-ups); SCL-90: Basketball, Badminton and swim-(F2↑, F8↑), Taichi (F1↑, F4↑, F9↑) |
| sex = f/m | f=(90min + 60*2)/week*24 weeks | PH: National physical and health standards for students in China | ||||
| age = no mention | ||||||
| Nie et al. (2020) | n = 20 | 24 style | Taichi vs. Wuqinxi vs. CG | PH: ankle muscle strength | Three-group pre-post: NRCT | FAE-L,FAE-R, WQX vs Taichi,↑; RMAE, Taichi vs WQX,↑ |
| f/m = no mention | 12 weeks; no frequency | |||||
| age = no mention | ||||||
| Caldwell et al. (2011) | tj = 76;;cg = 132 | Chen-style taichi; f = 50 min/2 s/week*15weeks | Taichi vs special recreation | MH: mindfulness, sleep quality, self-efficacy, wellbeing, mood | A Cohort Control Study; pre-mid-post test: NRCT | Taichi vs SR (mindfulness↑•, wellbeing↑•, sleep quality↑•, self-efficacy↔) |
| m/f = no mention | ||||||
| age = 18–48 | ||||||
| Esch et al. (2007) | n = 21 | Traditional Yang style Taichi; f = 90min*1 s/week*12weeks + 12s/day (record); follow-up | Taichi only | MH: SF36 | (T0-T3)4s test; longitudinal cohort study: NRNCT | PH(SBP↔,DBP↔; HR↔); Stess (PSP↔; FSC↑,PMS↑); SF36: PHD (GHP↑,BP↔,PF↔,RP↔); MHD (SF↑,VT↑,MH↑,RE↔) |
| m/f = no mention | PH: Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and free saliva cortisol | |||||
| age>18 |
Note: sig between group•; sig↑; not sig↔; SCL90 (F1 = somatisation; F2 = obsessive-compulsive; F3 = interpersonal sensitivity; F4 = depression; F5 = anxiety; F6 = hostility; F7 = phobic anxiety; F8 = paranoid ideation; F9 = psychotism); SR = special recreation; (-m-) = mediate; SE = Self efficacy; SRE = self regulatory efficacy; HR = heart rate; RHR = rest heart rate; LC = lung capacity, physical Taichi skill (PTS), physical health status (PHS), body value (BV), physical attraction (PA), physical strength (PS); RMAE = rotation muscles and evertors; FAE-R, FAE-L = flexor and extensor of right foot and left foot; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Inattention, Hyperactivity–impulsivity); CM = Cognitive Measures (WM = working memory; PB = physical balance; RI = response inhibition; AP = affective processing, ADHD SS = ADHD, short screen); VC = Vital capacity; VCBMI = vital capacity body mass index; PMS-perceived mental stress; SBP-systolic blood pressure; DBP-diastolic blood pressure; SF36: PHD (body pain = BP, physical function = PF, role physical = RP; general health perception = GHP); MHD (VT = vitality; SF = social function; RE = role emotion/mental function, MH = general mental health); (PSPP) PTS-Physical taichi skills, PHS-Physical health status, BV-Body value, PA-Physical attraction, PS-Physical strength; Balance (MA = move area; KE = Knee extensor; KF = knee flexor); Lower extremity muscle power (Waist-to-Hip Ratio, WHR; lean body mass, LBM); MPH = male physical health. FPH = female physical health. LG-low, physical score group. MG-mediate score group; Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, MAASPH; Physical health (BC, body coordination; BF, Body flexibility); CF = congnitive function (AS = attention spread; PRT = passive reaction time); PSPP, Physical Self-Perception Profile; repeat bestride = RB; WC = waist circumference; HC = hip circumference; Patient Health Questionnaire-9 = PHQ-9; Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist = ASLEC., MAAS: (Score of Mindful Attention Awareness Scale); BSE(Body shape exercise group); CG (control group).