Table 4.
Associations between workplace factors and alcohol consumption*
| Model 1 Employment characteristics |
Model 2 Job demands and support factors added |
Model 3 Travels and worksite factors added |
Model 4 Workplace drinking social norms added |
Model 5 Fully adjusted model, including covariates† |
|
| b (β) (p value) | b (β) (p value) | b (β) (p value) | b (β) (p value) | b (β) (p value) | |
| Working hours | −0.01 (−0.00) (0.750) | 0.00 (0.00) (0.905) | −0.00 (−0.00) (0.831) | −0.03 (−0.03) (0.029) | −0.03 (−0.03) (0.049) |
| Day job, no weekends‡ | −0.25 (−0.06) (0.022) | −0.28 (−0.07) (0.011) | −0.25 (−0.06) (0.020) | −0.12 (−0.03) (0.231) | −0.04 (−0.01) (0.669) |
| Evening job‡ | 0.41 (0.01) (0.320) | 0.39 (0.01) (0.346) | 0.43 (0.01) (0.303) | 0.21 (0.01) (0.574) | 0.07 (0.00) (0.840) |
| Night job‡ | 0.02 (0.00) (0.920) | −0.06 (−0.00) (0.798) | −0.02 (−0.00) (0.924) | 0.12 (0.01) (0.590) | −0.04 (−0.00) (0.867) |
| Shift work‡ | 0.06 (0.01) (0.619) | 0.04 (0.01) (0.745) | 0.07 (0.02) (0.550) | 0.09 (0.02) (0.441) | −0.06 (−0.01) (0.591) |
| Job position§ | 0.11 (0.02) (0.109) | 0.14 (0.03) (0.040) | 0.10 (0.02) (0.118) | 0.25 (0.06) (<0.001) | 0.25 (0.06) (<0.001) |
| Job size¶ | 0.46 (0.09) (<0.001) | 0.46 (0.09) (<0.001) | 0.44 (0.09) (<0.001) | 0.31 (0.06) (<0.001) | 0.18 (0.04) (0.006) |
| Income** | 0.00 (0.00) (0.760) | 0.00 (0.01) (0.716) | 0.00 (0.00) (0.966) | 0.00 (0.00) (0.840) | 0.02 (0.05) (<0.001) |
| Psychological job demands†† | – | −0.15 (−0.03) (0.017) | −0.15 (−0.03) (0.016) | −0.13 (−0.03) (0.026) | −0.09 (−0.02) (0.106) |
| Job control†† | – | −0.12 (−0.02) (0.144) | −0.15 (−0.03) (0.063) | −0.10 (−0.02) (0.165) | 0.02 (0.00) (0.755) |
| Workplace social support†† | – | 0.15 (0.04) (0.030) | 0.16 (0.04) (0.023) | 0.14 (0.03) (0.035) | 0.13 (0.03) (0.040) |
| Leadership qualities‡‡ | – | −0.09 (−0.04) (0.028) | −0.09 (−0.04) (0.033) | −0.10 (−0.04) (0.005) | −0.10 (−0.04) (0.004) |
| Job travels§§ | – | – | 0.25 (0.05) (0.001) | 0.04 (0.01) (0.564) | 0.04 (0.01) (0.575) |
| Working from home§§ | – | – | −0.05 (−0.01) (0.647) | −0.18 (−0.02) (0.069) | −0.12 (−0.02) (0.216) |
| Working from holiday home§§ | – | – | 0.40 (0.04) (0.012) | 0.42 (0.04) (0.003) | 0.40 (0.04) (0.007) |
| Drinking social norms¶¶ | – | – | – | 1.51 (0.42) (<0.001) | 1.37 (0.39) (<0.001) |
| R2 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.192 | 0.225 |
| VIF range | 1.02–3.54 | 1.03–3.56 | 1.03–3.59 | 1.03–3.60 | 1.08–3.62 |
n=5388; results from multiple hierarchical linear regression analyses; b=unstandardised regression coefficient; β=standardised regression coefficient.
Bold typeface indicates statistically significant associations (p<0.05).
*Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption, scale 0–12, higher scores indicate higher consumption.
†Covariates=gender, age, educational attainment, living status, marital status, number of children, year of data collection.
‡Reference=other work schedules.
§Reference=worker.
¶Reference=part-time.
**Household gross annual income in 100 000 Norwegian kroner.
††Job Content Questionnaire, scale 1–4, higher scores indicate higher predictor values.
‡‡Seven-item Leadership Qualities Questionnaire, scale 0–4, higher scores indicate higher level of desired leadership qualities.
§§Reference=no.
¶¶Drinking Norms Scale, scale 1–4, higher scores indicate more liberal workplace drinking norms.
VIF, variance inflation factor.