| Age: >60 years old |
| Co-morbid conditions: congestive heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, and dehydration leading to accumulation of ototoxic drugs |
| Genetic susceptibility: two mutations in the mitochondrial 12s rRNA gene have been implicated to place predisposed carriers at risk for aminoglycoside ototoxicity |
| Drugs: examples include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, quinine-based derivatives, loop diuretics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, platinum-based chemotherapies like cisplatin |
| Dosing: greater dose, lifetime dose, and duration of administration of otoxic drug(s) as well as prior and/or concurrent administration of other ototoxic drugs |
| Route and rate of administration: faster, intravenous administration at greater risk |
| History of noise exposure/pre-existing sensorineural hearing loss |
