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| Characteristic | Phase I | Phase II | Phase III |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical approach | M-VATS | U-VATS (initial 50 cases) | U-VATS (after 50 cases) |
| Indication | No restriction | cN0 | No restriction |
| Pain management | |||
| Epidural anesthesia | Yes | Yes | No |
| Intercostal nerve block | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Oral drug | |||
| Loxoprophen | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Acetaminophen | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tramadol | – | – | Yes |
M-VATS, conventional multiportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; U-VATS, uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
