TABLE 1.

Major considerations for clinically relevant surrogate markers in HIV infection

Classification of surrogate markers based on disease pathogenesis

Immune activation and dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis

Cytokine changes

Soluble markers of activation in plasma and serum

Lymphocyte phenotypic changes in HIV infection

Neoplasia

Response to therapy

Surrogate markers for cytokines: serum (soluble) markers of immune activation as measures of cytokine activity

Comparing the value of surrogate markers: POP graphs

Test availability, quality control, and cost