TABLE 2.

Cytokine changes in HIV infection

Cytokine	Levels in plasma/seruma	In vivo cytokine gene expressionb	In vitro response to stimulation
IL-2	NM	↓PBMC	↓
		N CD4
IFN-γ	↑	↑PBMC	↓
		↑CD8
IL-4	Low	N PBMC	?
IL-10	NM	N PBMC	↑
TNF-α	↑	↑PBMC and Mφ	↑
IL-6	↑	↑PBMC and Mφ	↑
IL-12	NM	?	↓

^aNM, Not measurable (or uncertain). 

^bSpecific cytokine mRNA levels in lymphoid cells and monocytes. N, normal range; Mφ, macrophage.