TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical measures.
| Fibromyalgia (n = 19) | Healthy control (n = 20) |
T-test/ chi square |
Significance level | Effect size | |
| Age (years. M ± sd) | 51.53 ± 6.12 | 48.40 ± 7.43 | t = 1.43 | p = 0.161 | d = 0.45 |
| Educational level. n (%) | χ2 = 5.46 | p = 0.243 | V = 0.37 | ||
| Unqualified | 1 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | – |
| Primary school | 7 (36.8%) | 4 (20%) | – | – | – |
| Secondary school | 7 (36.8%) | 5 (25%) | – | – | – |
| High school | 3 (15.8%) | 9 (45%) | – | – | – |
| Bachelor degree | 1 (5.3%) | 2 (10%) | – | – | – |
| Symptoms duration (years. M ± sd) | 17.75 ± 8.22 | – | – | – | – |
| Diagnostic duration (years. M ± sd) | 7.43 ± 5.05 | – | – | – | – |
| Medication. n (%) | |||||
| Antidepressants | 12 (63.2%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | – |
| Anxiolytics | 6 (31.6%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | – |
| Analgesics/Opioids/NSAIDs | 13 (68.4%) | 1 (5%) | t = 5.26 | p < 0.001 | d = 1.68 |
| Antiepileptics/Psycholeptics | 5 (26.3%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | – |
| Trait anxiety (STAI-T percentile. M ± sd) | 71.11 ± 31.33 | 30.30 ± 29.25 | t = 4.20 | p < 0.001 | d = 1.34 |
| State anxiety (STAI-S percentile. M ± sd) | 58.63 ± 28.23 | 13.37 ± 12.87 | t = 6.38 | p < 0.001 | d = 2.06 |
| Depression (BDI total score. M ± sd) | 19.50 ± 13.25 | 5.40 ± 5.35 | t = 4.31 | p < 0.001 | d = 1.39 |
| Pain intensity and impact (WHYMPI-I. M ± sd) | |||||
| Item 1–Pain intensity | 3.37 ± 1.21 | – | – | – | – |
| Pain interference | 4.52 ± 1.19 | – | – | – | – |
| Social support | 4.17 ± 1.69 | – | – | – | – |
| Pain severity | 4.10 ± 0.86 | – | – | – | – |
| Perceived control | 3.78 ± 1.56 | – | – | – | – |
| Affective distress | 3.10 ± 1.51 | – | – | – | – |
| Responses by others (WHYMPI-II. M ± sd) | |||||
| Negative | 1.61 ± 1.08 | – | – | – | – |
| Solicitous | 2.86 ± 1.28 | – | – | – | – |
| Distracting | 3.03 ± 1.40 | – | – | – | – |
| Everyday activities (WHYMPI-III. M ± sd) | |||||
| Household chores | 4.58 ± 1.06 | – | – | – | – |
| Outdoor work | 1.46 ± 1.19 | – | – | – | – |
| Activities away from home | 2.67 ± 1.31 | – | – | – | – |
| Social activities | 2.52 ± 1.21 | – | – | – | – |
| WHYMPI general activity score (M ± sd) | 2.83 ± 0.92 | – | – | – | – |
Mean and standard deviation (M ± sd), statistics of the group comparisons (Student’s t-test or χ2-tests), p-value and effect sizes (if applicable) are reported for fibromyalgia and healthy control groups (for the final sample size, see above).
(NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; WHYMPI, West-Haven Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory).