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. 2022 Oct 12;12(10):e063436. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063436

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Distinctions between individually and socially optimal dosing approaches for a hypothetical vaccine. (A) A randomised dose-finding study reveals the dose–response curve shown, where a vaccine is found to have maximal efficacy at a 100 µg dose and approximately 75% relative efficacy at quarter-dose. (B) By evaluating the drug’s efficacy relative to the amount of drug administered, we derive the socially optimal dose, maximising the efficacy gained per microgram administered. MDSE, minimum dose with satisfactory efficacy; RCT, randomised controlled trial.