Table 2.

Summary of each study’s risk of bias and applicability concern using the PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool)—review authors’ judgements

Author, year	Risk of bias				Applicability			Overall
	Participant selection	Predictors	Outcome	Analysis	Participant selection	Predictors	Outcome	Risk of bias	Applicability
Bauersachs et al, 200723	?	?	+	–	?	?	+	–	?
Binstock and Larkin, 201924	?	?	?	–	–	?	?	–	–
Cavazza et al, 201225	–	?	?	–	–	+	?	–	–
Chau et al, 201926	?	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Chauleur et al, 200827	?	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Dargaud et al, 201728	?	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Dargaud et al, 200529	–	?	?	–	?	+	?	–	?
Ellis-Kahana et al, 202039	–	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Gassmann et al, 202130	?	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Hase et al, 201831	?	?	?	–	–	?	?	–	–
Lindqvist et al, 200832	–	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Lok et al, 201933	?	?	–	–	–	+	?	–	–
Shacaluga and Rayment, 201934	–	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Sultan et al, 201635	–	?	+	+	+	?	+	–	?
Testa et al, 201536	?	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Tran et al, 201937	–	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?
Weiss and Bernstein, 200038	–	?	?	–	?	?	?	–	?

+ indicates low risk of bias/low concern regarding applicability; –, indicates high risk of bias/high concern regarding applicability; and ? indicates unclear risk of bias/unclear concern regarding applicability