Table 6.
Changes in in-migration and out-migration rates: Alternative ways of handing the sample.
| In-migration | Out-migration | In-migration | Out-migration | In-migration | Out-migration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: Alternative identification strategies | ||||||
| Drop early expandersa | Include all statesb | Allow variation in treatment timingc | ||||
| Expand × post2014 | −0.0004 | −0.0002 | −0.0002 | −0.0002 | −0.0015 | −0.0006 |
| (0.0011) | (0.0009) | (0.0012) | (0.0009) | (0.0016) | (0.0021) | |
| Obs. | 179,009 | 179,009 | 313,830 | 313,830 | 313,830 | 313,830 |
| B: Alternative sample selections | ||||||
| Income ≤ 138%FPL | Edu < HS and Income ≤ 138% FPL | Income ≤ 100% FPL | ||||
| Expand × post2014 | −0.0021 | 0.0017* | −0.0012 | 0.0009 | −0.0013 | 0.0006 |
| (0.0016) | (0.0008) | (0.0016) | (0.0010) | (0.0019) | (0.0011) | |
| Obs. | 289,658 | 289,658 | 147,278 | 147,278 | 193,871 | 193,871 |
| C: Restricted samples | ||||||
| Exclude ages 18–25 | Exclude year 2013 | Exclude undocumented immigrants | ||||
| Expand × post 2014 | −0.0003 | 0.0001 | −0.0005 | 0.0003 | 0.0009 | −0.0010 |
| (0.0009) | (0.0008) | (0.0010) | (0.0009) | (0.0011) | (0.0013) | |
| Obs. | 286,002 | 286,002 | 266,353 | 266,353 | 116,863 | 116,863 |
Source: American Community Survey (2010–2017).
Estimates report coefficients of the interaction term of equations (2) and (3) by using model 2. Regressions are adjusted using indictors for state, year, age, age squared, gender, marital status and two state-level variables. Regressions are weighted by the ACS sample weights. All standard errors (parentheses) are clustered on current-state level for in-migration equations and origin-state level for out-migration equations.
aEarly expanders include: CA, CT, MN, NJ, WA, and DC.
bLate expanders include: MI, NH, PA, IN, AK, LA, and MT.
cWe use cross-state in-migration and out-migration as our outcome variables under this specification. We cannot use cross expansion/non-expansion state migration because the set of expansion states gets larger and the set of non-expansion states gets smaller along with more states counted as expansion states. Mechanically, this decreases in-migration rate in the set of expansion states and increases in-migration rate in the set of non-expansion states.
* p < 0.1;
** p < 0.05;
*** p < 0.01.