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. 2022 Sep 30;13:987401. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.987401

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Copyright © 2022 Lu, Wan, Li and Sun

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Directed acyclic graph of the MR framework investigating the causal relationship between Hypothyroidism and HCC. Instrumental variable assumptions: (1) the genetic instrument variables (GIVs) must be strongly associated with hypothyroidism; (2) the GIVs must not be associated with any potential confounder of hypothyroidism vs HCC relationship; (3) the GIVs should only affect the risk of HCC through hypothyroidism. SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; MR, Mendelian randomization.