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Four routes of cellular uptake of plastic particles: (1) phagocytosis, (2) micropinocytosis, (3) clathrin-mediated endocytosis, (4) caveolae-mediated endocytosis. After entering the human body, micro- and nanoplastics can interact with various cells; the number of absorbed particles depend on several factors, including the size, surface, charge, and chemistry of the encountered cells to which micro- and nanoplastics are absorbed.
