Table 5.

Trials conducted on stem cell therapies to treat cardiovascular degenerations.

Nature of study	Stem cell types	Results (improvement)	Drawbacks	References
A meta-analysis of 33 trials	Mature/adult bone marrow-derived cells	Momentous development in the left ventricular ejection fraction was observed after myocardial infarction.	Though there was an improvement in ventricular function, it did not show an uplift in morbidity and mortality.	(Fadini et al., 2010)
REPAIR-AMI Trials	Bone marrow autologous cells	At two years, there was a better outcome and increase of the ventricular function in the patient with myocardial infarction.	The current clinical studies that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the bone marrow-derived cells are however disheartening.	(Egeland and Brinchmann, 2007)
TIME trial	Autologous bone marrow cells are administered via intra-coronary.	BMCs were found to be safe for this high-risk group of people who kept their Left ventricular function and volume stable for two years. Nearly half of the people in the study had MVO at the start of the study, and it was found to be linked to a significant decrease in LV function recovery, an unfavorable remodeling of the LV, and more ICDs.	This study did not represent any improvement in ventricular function.	(Traverse et al., 2018)
POSEIDON STUDY	Bone marrow-derived cells were delivered via the trans-endocardial route in patients who were suffering from ischemic cardiomyopathy.	In comparison to scars that were not subjected to TESI, those treated with TESI showed higher SEF scores. It was shown that both sets of scars, TESI-treated and untreated, had smaller scars.	This study failed to present any improvement in the global ventricular function.	(Suncion et al., 2014)
SCIPIO Phase-1 trial	Intracoronary injection following myocardial injection with Autologous c-kit+, lineage cardio-protective cells. autologous c-kit+ CSCs	Improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction about 12.3% after 1 year when administered an intracoronary injection of the c-kit+ cells. Following a myocardial infarction. Clinical improvement is showed in the ischemic cardiomyopathy patients who were delivered intracoronary autologous cardiac stem cells. There are also some effects observed such as left ventricular improvement, a decline of the scar size and also evaluated the safety and efficacy. There observed no adverse effects after one year.	SCIPIO has limitations as a result of the small number of patients who participated in the study and the absence of the information's of individuals who received a placebo.	(Bolli et al., 2011)
CADUCEUS Phase-1 trial	Cardio-sphere derived autologous cells were administered via the intracoronary route.	A decrease in the scar size was observed and improvement in the viable tissues and contractility was observed when demonstrated by cardiac magnetic resonance after6 months. No adverse effects were observed.	There observed no important differences in left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups.	(Makkar et al., 2012)
Randomized controlled trials consist of 22 studies; a meta-analysis	Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells with acute myocardial infarction.	There observe a 2.10% increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction in the treated groups. Reduction in the infarct size.	No effects were observed in the cardiac function, infarct size. Does not enhance the cardiac function in the MRI derived parameters. No clinical outcome was observed.	(Hou et al., 2020)
PRECISE Trial	The cells were isolated from liposuction and prepared as fresh cells via endocardial injection.	Important enhancement in the left ventricular mass was observed by the MRI and wall motion score index. Decrease in the inducible ischemia in the adipose-derived group after 18 months. Preservation of the ventricular function. Myocardial perfusion and workout capacity also increased.	Because the treatment group was older, it is possiblethat they were more likely to have a poor outcome.	(Perin et al., 2014)