Table 4.

Comparison of the effectiveness of the psychoeducational interventions

Mode of intervention	Psychological outcomes	P value; effect size (Cohen's d or Hedges’ g)	Birth preparedness outcomes	P value; effect size (Cohen's d or Hedges’ g)	Other outcomes	P value; effect size (Cohen's d or Hedges’ g)
Antenatal education	Attitude	P<.001; Hedges’ g=0.91 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)	Birth concern	P<.01; Hedges’ g=−1.018 (Pinar et al,37 2018)	Acceptance of pregnancy	P=.041; Hedges’ g =0.351 (Pinar et al,37 2018)
	Fear of childbirth	P<.001; Hedges’ g=−1.018 (Uçar and Golbasi,26 2019) Antenatal: P<.05; Cohen's d=−1.159 Postnatal: P<.001; Cohen's d=−1.808 (Bolz et al, 2020) P=.001; Cohen's d=−4.339 (Munkhondya et al,27 2020)	Cervical dilation	P=.03; Cohen's d=0.392 (Hatamleh et al, 2019)	Duration of stage 2 labor	P=.033; Hedges’ g=−0.469 (Uçar and Golbasi,26 2019)
	Depression	T1: P<.01; Hedges’ g=−0.536 T2: P<.01; Hedges’ g=−0.342 (Gao et al,38 2012)	Breastfeeding initiation	P>.01; Cohen's d=−0.881 (Hatamleh et al, 2019)	Pain	P<.001; Hedges g=−1.201 (Uçar and Golbasi,26 2019)
	None		Knowledge	P<.01; Hedges’ g=2.766 (Nair et al,36 2015)	Childbirth companion or social support	P=.001; Cohen's d=−2.440 (Munkhondya et al,27 2020) T1: P<.01; Hedges’ g=0.760) T2: P<.01; Hedges’ g=0.334 (Gao et al,38 2012)
			Self-efficacy	P=001; Cohen's d=−4.136 (Munkhondya et al,27 2020) T1: P<.01; Hedges’ g=0.574) T2: P<.01; Hedges’ g=0.347 (Gao et al,38 2012) P=.01; Cohen's d=12.680 (Vasegh et al,39 2012) P<.001; Cohen's d=3.207 and 2.081 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)	Satisfaction	P=.033; Hedges’ g=−0.626 (Uçar and Golbasi,26 2019)
			None		Behavioral belief	P<.001; Hedges g=0.99 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)
					Perceived control	P<.001; Hedges g=0.54 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)
					Outcome evaluation	P<.001; Hedges g=0.62 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)
					Outcome expectancy	P=.01; Cohen's d=10.987 (Vasegh et al,39 2012)
					Control beliefs	P<.001; Hedges g=0.45 (Ghasemi et al,28 2017)
Antenatal training	Fear of childbirth	P=.007; Hedges’ g=−0.450 (Kordi et al,30 2017)	None
	Childbirth attitude toward CD and NVD	CD: P=.002a; Hedges’ g=−0.789b and Cohen's d=0.787c NVD: P<.001a; Hedges’ g=−2.055b; Cohen's d=−2.255c (Darmian et al,34 2018)
Role play	Childbirth attitude	P=.003; Hedges’ g=0.537 (Abedian et al,32 2017)
	Fear of childbirth	P=.007; Hedges’ g=0.677 (Navaee and Abedian,35 2015)
Counseling	Fear of childbirth	P<.001; Cohen's d=−3.762 and −2.316	Decisional conflict	P<.001; Cohen's d=−0.742	Expected outcomes	P<.001; Cohen's d=2.608 and 2.359
	Anxiety	P<.001; Cohen's d=−2.304 and −1.687
	Childbirth attitude	P<.00; Cohen's d=0.978 (Andaroon et al,33 2020)	None

CD, cesarean delivery; NVD, normal vaginal delivery.

^aP value among 3 groups.

^bEffect size of optimism training vs control group.

^cEffect size of NVD training vs control group.

Tola. Psychoeducation, psychological, and birth preparedness. Am J Obstet Gynecol Glob Rep 2022.