Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted β-coefficients and 95% CI of 1-year changes in eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) or in UACR (mg/g) across tertiles and per 1-SD increment of baseline PRAL and NEAP.
| PRAL (mEq/d) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | p for trend | Continuous (1 SD**) | |||
| n = 1,958 | n = 1,958 | n = 1,958 | n = 5,874 | ||||
| Δ in eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | −0.69 (−1.07 to −0.31) | −0.86 (−1.24 to −0.49) | −1.34 (−1.72 to −0.95) | ||||
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.16 (−0.70 to 0.37) | −0.52 (−1.06 to 0.03) | 0.062 | −0.21 (−0.42 to 0.01) | ||
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.17 (−0.71 to 0.36) | −0.64 (−1.21 to −0.08)* | 0.026 | −0.25 (−0.47 to −0.03)* | ||
| n = 1,213 | n = 1,213 | n = 1,213 | n = 3,639 | ||||
| Δ in UACR, mg/g | 4.37 (1.96 to 6.78) | 2.74 (0.60 to 4.88) | 1.39 (−0.62 to 3.39) | ||||
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −1.20 (−4.32 to 1.93) | −2.31 (−5.28 to 0.66) | 0.128 | −0.88 (−2.00 to 0.25) | ||
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −1.63 (−4.84 to 1.58) | −2.99 (−6.34 to 0.37) | 0.082 | −1.22 (−2.51 to 0.08) | ||
| NEAP (mEq/d) | |||||||
| n = 1,958 | n = 1,958 | n = 1,958 | n = 5,874 | ||||
| Δ in eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | −0.68 (−1.06 to −0.30) | −0.97 (−1.35 to −0.60) | −1.24 (−1.63 to −0.84) | ||||
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.28 (−0.81 to 0.25) | −0.44 (−0.99 to 0.11) | 0.116 | −0.22 (−0.44 to −0.01)* | ||
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.30 (−0.83 to 0.24) | −0.56 (−1.13 to 0.01) | 0.056 | −0.28 (−0.51 to −0.05)* | ||
| n = 1,213 | n = 1,213 | n = 1,213 | n = 3,639 | ||||
| Δ in UACR, mg/g | 3.92 (1.49 to 6.34) | 3.09 (1.14 to 5.03) | 1.49 (−0.54 to 3.53) | ||||
| Model 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.81 (−3.82 to 2.20) | −1.96 (−5.07 to 1.15) | 0.214 | −0.93 (−2.13 to 0.28) | ||
| Model 2 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.83 (−3.87 to 2.21) | −2.42 (−5.79 to 0.95) | 0.154 | −1.26 (−2.63 to 0.10) | ||
eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; NEAP, Net Endogenous Acid Production; T, tertile; PRAL, Potential Renal Acid Load; UACR, Urine albumin/creatinine ratio. Model 1: adjusted for age (years), sex and baseline eGFR or baseline UACR (in continuous, depending on the main outcome). Model 2: additionally adjusted for participating center (categorized into quartiles by number of participants), intervention group (treatment/control), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking habits (never, current or former smoker), educational level (primary, secondary education or graduate), leisure-time physical activity (METS/min/week in tertiles), diabetes prevalence (yes/no), hypertension prevalence (yes/no) and hypercholesterolemia prevalence (yes/no), ARBs (yes/no), ACEis (yes/no), Mediterranean diet adherence (high/low adherence), energy intake (kcal/day in tertiles), sodium intake (mg/g in tertiles) and high leukocytes levels (yes/no).
p-value < 0.05.
One SD = 15.6 mEq/d in PRAL and 8.1 mEq/d in NEAP.