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Different MAPKs associate with specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) to form a conserved three-stage enzymatic cascade (MAPKKK→MAPKK→MAPK), through which upstream signals are transmitted from MAPK to downstream nuclear transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins to form a complete MAPK signaling pathway, which finally completes the regulation of cellular physiological activities.
