Table 1.

Advances in the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway associated with OSCC.

MAPK	Effects	Process	Site	Reference
JNK1/2	Promotes development	Negative cross-talk with the carcinogenic STAT3 signaling pathway. Chemical inhibition or selective targeting (via siRNA) downregulated STAT3 serine phosphorylation, accompanied by a modest increase in p-tyrstat3 levels. JNK activation could downregulate cell proliferation and viability and reduce cyclin D1 expression levels.	STAT3	[54]
ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38	Promotes apoptosis	Protein G induces OSCC apoptosis by activating Akt, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2, and JNK1/2 activation is associated with autophagy in tumor cells.	Protein G	[55]
JNK	Promotes development	Abnormal ubiquitination affects the corresponding JNK-dependent signaling pathway through the autophagy regulation mechanism.	Abnormal ubiquitination	[56]
JNK	Promotes apoptosis	C-Jun mediates Nur77 in the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily of glioblastoma multiforme, which plays a key role in ahpn/cd437-induced apoptosis. PC drugs promote Nur77 transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm in OSCC and induce cell apoptosis. Other apoptotic stimuli that induce Nur77 nuclear output, including TPA, VP16, and cisplatin, can activate JNK.	Nur77	[57]
JNK	Promotes apoptosis	JNK is involved in activating Bax, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, after sunitinib treatment.	Bcl-2 protein	[58]
JNK	Promotes apoptosis	ROS production also mediates docetaxel-induced apoptosis of OSCC cells. ROS activates upstream kinase ASK1 of JNK. ASK1 activation must be tightly regulated according to the intensity and duration of stress (ROS), and various post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination and methylation, participate in this tight regulation of activity and phosphorylation.	ROS, ASK	[59,60,61]
JNK	Promotes apoptosis	JNK activation is also involved in activating caspase induced in OSCC. It can activate caspase and reduce necrosis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and mito_x001e_chondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), thus inducing OSCC cell apoptosis.	Caspase	[62]