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. 2022 Oct 9;11(19):3140. doi: 10.3390/foods11193140

Table 4.

Volatile compounds in Aglianico wines (μg/L) as a function of season and leaf removal.

Compounds Season (S) Leaf Removal (LR) Interaction S*LR
2016 2017 2018 Sig. Control North South North-South Sig. Sig.
Acids
Acetic acid 16.5a 17.6a 9.8b *** 16.5a 9.2b 15.1a 17.8a *** ***
Isobutyric acid 0b 0b 2.2a *** 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 ns *
Hexanoic acid 10.0b 2.5c 11.7a *** 10.4a 5.6b 9.5a 6.8b *** ***
Octanoic acid 56.7b 62.6a 42.9c *** 43.0c 54.0b 62.6a 56.6ab *** ***
Nonanoic acid 0.0b 0.0b 1.6a *** 0.6b 0.4b 0.2c 0.9a *** ***
Decanoic acid 13.3a 14.0a 9.1b *** 11.9 11.7 12.2 12.6 ns ***
Total acids 96.5a 96.7a 77.3b *** 83.0b 81.6b 100.5a 95.4a *** ***
Alcohols
2-Methyl-1-propanol 42.5b 41.4b 82.5a *** 53.0bc 50.4c 55.1b 63.3a *** ***
3-Methyl-1-butanol 3063.6a 2853.0b 2991.1a *** 3290.7a 2845.4c 2833.1c 2907.6bc *** ***
3-Methyl-1-pentanol 3.7b 4.7a 2.9c *** 3.8ab 3.8ab 3.5b 4.1a * ***
1-Hexanol 80.6b 62.9c 105.0a *** 76.3b 83.1ab 82.6ab 89.2a *** ***
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2.9a 1.3b 2.6a *** 2.5a 1.8b 2.5a 2.2ab ** ***
Benzyl alcohol 5.7a 0.0c 1.8b *** 0.6b 3.3a 2.8a 3.3a *** ***
2-Phenylethanol 2769.4a 1818.9b 1793.6b *** 2398.9a 1868.8c 2106.1b 2135.4b *** ***
Total alcohols 5968.4a 4782.2b 4979.5b *** 5825.8a 4856.6c 5085.7bc 5205.1b *** ***
Esters
Ethyl acetate 261.2a 198.2b 113.1c *** 216.2a 190.0b 172.2b 185.0b *** ***
Ethyl propanoate 49.4a 42.9b 2.9c *** 38.3a 27.1b 30.9b 30.7b *** ***
Ethyl isobutyrate 48.0a 40.5b 5.4c *** 40.9a 28.1b 29.3b 26.8b *** ***
Ethyl butyrate 12.4a 12.8a 8.9b *** 12.9a 10.3b 11.1b 11.1b ** ***
Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate 46.9a 7.3b 6.6b *** 27.0b 10.3c 30.9a 12.8c *** ***
Ethyl isovalerate 38.7a 7.2b 4.9c *** 25.7a 10.5c 19.5b 12.0c *** ***
Isoamyl acetate 81.7b 142.0a 29.1c *** 84.6b 78.2b 91.4a 82.9b *** ***
Butyl formate 1.7b 2.0b 2.4a *** 1.7b 1.9b 1.6b 2.9a *** ***
Ethyl hexanoate 206.1b 354.5a 102.6c *** 262.4a 194.6c 229.7b 197.6c *** ***
Hexyl acetate 1.8b 3.6a 1.7b *** 2.6a 2.2b 2.3b 2.3b * ***
Ethyl heptanoate 2.0a 2.2a 1.6b *** 2.3a 1.5b 2.0a 2.0a *** *
Ethyl lactate 19.3a 10.4b 6.6c *** 8.4c 19.0a 11.0b 10.0bc *** ***
Methyl octanoate 1.2a 1.2a 0.8b *** 1.2a 0.8b 1.2a 1.1a *** ns
Ethyl octanoate 484.0b 775.3a 245.3c *** 670.2a 410.1c 548.3b 377.7c *** ***
Ethyl decanoate 86.8b 116.3a 49.1c *** 122.3a 58.9c 93.3b 61.7c *** ***
Diethyl malate 1248.1a 336.4b 148.6c *** 649.1a 562.8b 534.9b 563.9b ** ***
Phenethyl acetate 0.0b 0.0b 23.6a *** 7.2b 6.0c 6.7c 11.6a *** ***
Diethyl succinate 61.8a 31.1b 9.4c *** 39.4a 31.6b 29.8b 35.7b *** ***
Monoethyl succinate 33.3c 58.4b 74.1a *** 51.5 52.1 60.8 56.5 ns ***
Total esters 2684.4a 2142.3b 836.7c *** 2263.9a 1696.0c 1906.9b 1684.3c *** ***
Others
2-Octanone 4.2a 2.8b 2.1c *** 3.2a 3.2a 3.1a 2.7b ** *
Allyl isothiocyanate 4.9a 2.5c 2.9b *** 3.2b 2.0c 4.2a 3.3b *** ***
Nonanal 2.3b 3.1a 1.5c *** 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 ns ***
Ethyl methylthiopropanoate 8.6a 5.3b 3.2c *** 5.9 6.7 5.5 6.5 ns ***
4-Terpineol 0.0b 2.3a 0.0b *** 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 ns ns
Ethyl 2-furoate 3.6b 3.9a 0.0c *** 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.3 ns ns
Methionol 26.0a 8.3c 10.8b *** 10.3c 17.8b 11.2c 20.8a *** ***
α-Terpineol 12.7a 3.7b 0.0c *** 5.5 5.2 5.3 4.8 ns ns
4-Ethylphenol 18.7a 3.1c 8.2b *** 13.5c 21.6b 28.3a 20.7b *** ***
Total others 81.0a 35.0b 28.7c *** 46.3b 60.7a 62.0a 63.3a *** ***
Total amounts 8830.3a 7056.2b 5922.2 *** 8219.0a 6694.9c 7155.1b 7048.0c *** ***

In rows, for each source of variation (season and leaf removal), different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Significance: ns, *, ** and *** indicate not significant or significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.001, respectively.