Table 4.
Volatile compounds in Aglianico wines (μg/L) as a function of season and leaf removal.
| Compounds | Season (S) | Leaf Removal (LR) | Interaction S*LR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Sig. | Control | North | South | North-South | Sig. | Sig. | |
| Acids | ||||||||||
| Acetic acid | † 16.5a | 17.6a | 9.8b | *** | 16.5a | 9.2b | 15.1a | 17.8a | *** | *** |
| Isobutyric acid | 0b | 0b | 2.2a | *** | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | ns | * |
| Hexanoic acid | 10.0b | 2.5c | 11.7a | *** | 10.4a | 5.6b | 9.5a | 6.8b | *** | *** |
| Octanoic acid | 56.7b | 62.6a | 42.9c | *** | 43.0c | 54.0b | 62.6a | 56.6ab | *** | *** |
| Nonanoic acid | 0.0b | 0.0b | 1.6a | *** | 0.6b | 0.4b | 0.2c | 0.9a | *** | *** |
| Decanoic acid | 13.3a | 14.0a | 9.1b | *** | 11.9 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 12.6 | ns | *** |
| Total acids | 96.5a | 96.7a | 77.3b | *** | 83.0b | 81.6b | 100.5a | 95.4a | *** | *** |
| Alcohols | ||||||||||
| 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 42.5b | 41.4b | 82.5a | *** | 53.0bc | 50.4c | 55.1b | 63.3a | *** | *** |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol | 3063.6a | 2853.0b | 2991.1a | *** | 3290.7a | 2845.4c | 2833.1c | 2907.6bc | *** | *** |
| 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | 3.7b | 4.7a | 2.9c | *** | 3.8ab | 3.8ab | 3.5b | 4.1a | * | *** |
| 1-Hexanol | 80.6b | 62.9c | 105.0a | *** | 76.3b | 83.1ab | 82.6ab | 89.2a | *** | *** |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 2.9a | 1.3b | 2.6a | *** | 2.5a | 1.8b | 2.5a | 2.2ab | ** | *** |
| Benzyl alcohol | 5.7a | 0.0c | 1.8b | *** | 0.6b | 3.3a | 2.8a | 3.3a | *** | *** |
| 2-Phenylethanol | 2769.4a | 1818.9b | 1793.6b | *** | 2398.9a | 1868.8c | 2106.1b | 2135.4b | *** | *** |
| Total alcohols | 5968.4a | 4782.2b | 4979.5b | *** | 5825.8a | 4856.6c | 5085.7bc | 5205.1b | *** | *** |
| Esters | ||||||||||
| Ethyl acetate | 261.2a | 198.2b | 113.1c | *** | 216.2a | 190.0b | 172.2b | 185.0b | *** | *** |
| Ethyl propanoate | 49.4a | 42.9b | 2.9c | *** | 38.3a | 27.1b | 30.9b | 30.7b | *** | *** |
| Ethyl isobutyrate | 48.0a | 40.5b | 5.4c | *** | 40.9a | 28.1b | 29.3b | 26.8b | *** | *** |
| Ethyl butyrate | 12.4a | 12.8a | 8.9b | *** | 12.9a | 10.3b | 11.1b | 11.1b | ** | *** |
| Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate | 46.9a | 7.3b | 6.6b | *** | 27.0b | 10.3c | 30.9a | 12.8c | *** | *** |
| Ethyl isovalerate | 38.7a | 7.2b | 4.9c | *** | 25.7a | 10.5c | 19.5b | 12.0c | *** | *** |
| Isoamyl acetate | 81.7b | 142.0a | 29.1c | *** | 84.6b | 78.2b | 91.4a | 82.9b | *** | *** |
| Butyl formate | 1.7b | 2.0b | 2.4a | *** | 1.7b | 1.9b | 1.6b | 2.9a | *** | *** |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 206.1b | 354.5a | 102.6c | *** | 262.4a | 194.6c | 229.7b | 197.6c | *** | *** |
| Hexyl acetate | 1.8b | 3.6a | 1.7b | *** | 2.6a | 2.2b | 2.3b | 2.3b | * | *** |
| Ethyl heptanoate | 2.0a | 2.2a | 1.6b | *** | 2.3a | 1.5b | 2.0a | 2.0a | *** | * |
| Ethyl lactate | 19.3a | 10.4b | 6.6c | *** | 8.4c | 19.0a | 11.0b | 10.0bc | *** | *** |
| Methyl octanoate | 1.2a | 1.2a | 0.8b | *** | 1.2a | 0.8b | 1.2a | 1.1a | *** | ns |
| Ethyl octanoate | 484.0b | 775.3a | 245.3c | *** | 670.2a | 410.1c | 548.3b | 377.7c | *** | *** |
| Ethyl decanoate | 86.8b | 116.3a | 49.1c | *** | 122.3a | 58.9c | 93.3b | 61.7c | *** | *** |
| Diethyl malate | 1248.1a | 336.4b | 148.6c | *** | 649.1a | 562.8b | 534.9b | 563.9b | ** | *** |
| Phenethyl acetate | 0.0b | 0.0b | 23.6a | *** | 7.2b | 6.0c | 6.7c | 11.6a | *** | *** |
| Diethyl succinate | 61.8a | 31.1b | 9.4c | *** | 39.4a | 31.6b | 29.8b | 35.7b | *** | *** |
| Monoethyl succinate | 33.3c | 58.4b | 74.1a | *** | 51.5 | 52.1 | 60.8 | 56.5 | ns | *** |
| Total esters | 2684.4a | 2142.3b | 836.7c | *** | 2263.9a | 1696.0c | 1906.9b | 1684.3c | *** | *** |
| Others | ||||||||||
| 2-Octanone | 4.2a | 2.8b | 2.1c | *** | 3.2a | 3.2a | 3.1a | 2.7b | ** | * |
| Allyl isothiocyanate | 4.9a | 2.5c | 2.9b | *** | 3.2b | 2.0c | 4.2a | 3.3b | *** | *** |
| Nonanal | 2.3b | 3.1a | 1.5c | *** | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | ns | *** |
| Ethyl methylthiopropanoate | 8.6a | 5.3b | 3.2c | *** | 5.9 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 6.5 | ns | *** |
| 4-Terpineol | 0.0b | 2.3a | 0.0b | *** | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | ns | ns |
| Ethyl 2-furoate | 3.6b | 3.9a | 0.0c | *** | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | ns | ns |
| Methionol | 26.0a | 8.3c | 10.8b | *** | 10.3c | 17.8b | 11.2c | 20.8a | *** | *** |
| α-Terpineol | 12.7a | 3.7b | 0.0c | *** | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 4.8 | ns | ns |
| 4-Ethylphenol | 18.7a | 3.1c | 8.2b | *** | 13.5c | 21.6b | 28.3a | 20.7b | *** | *** |
| Total others | 81.0a | 35.0b | 28.7c | *** | 46.3b | 60.7a | 62.0a | 63.3a | *** | *** |
| Total amounts | 8830.3a | 7056.2b | 5922.2 | *** | 8219.0a | 6694.9c | 7155.1b | 7048.0c | *** | *** |
† In rows, for each source of variation (season and leaf removal), different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Significance: ns, *, ** and *** indicate not significant or significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.001, respectively.