Table 3.
Hazard Ratios for Adult Cardiovascular Events According to Clinical Categories of Childhood Risk-Factor Levels.*
| Risk Factor | Fatal Cardiovascular Events | Fatal or Nonfatal Cardiovascular Events | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Participants with Event | Hazard Ratio (95% Cl)† | Participants | Participants with Event | Hazard Ratio (95% Cl)† | |
| no./total no. (%) | no./total no. (%) | |||||
| Youth smoking | ||||||
| No | 15,922/25,471 (62.5) | 75/15,922 (0.5) | Reference | 12,301/19,520 (63.0) | 283/12,301 (2.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 9,549/25,471 (37.5) | 82/9,549 (0.9) | 1.61 (1.21–2.13) | 7,219/19,520 (37.0) | 327/7,219 (4.5) | 1.70 (1.49–1.93) |
| Body-mass index | ||||||
| Low-normal | 14,857/38,451 (38.6) | 96/14,857 (0.6) | Reference | 8,048/20,599 (39.1) | 237/8,048 (2.9) | Reference |
| High-normal | 16,055/38,451 (41.8) | 107/16,055 (0.7) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | 8,688/20,599 (42.2) | 280/8,688 (3.2) | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) |
| Overweight | 4,720/38,451 (12.3) | 49/4,720 (1.0) | 1.61 (1.14–2.27) | 2,423/20,599 (11.8) | 134/2,423 (5.5) | 1.92 (1.62–2.27) |
| Obese | 2,819/38,451 (7.3) | 61/2,819 (2.2) | 3.34 (2.42—4.60) | 1,440/20,599 (7.0) | 117/1,440 (8.1) | 3.39 (2.73—4.21) |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||
| Low-normal | 17,458/32,339 (54.0) | 125/17,458 (0.7) | Reference | 8,879/18,288 (48.6) | 288/8,879 (3.2) | Reference |
| High-normal | 12,709/32,339 (39.3) | 141/12,709 (1.1) | 1.59 (1.24–2.04) | 7,942/18,288 (43.4) | 346/7,942 (4.4) | 1.46 (1.26–1.69) |
| Prehypertension | 1,009/32,339 (3.1) | 16/1,009 (1.6) | 2.24 (1.31–3.35) | 666/18,288 (3.6) | 67/666 (10.1) | 1.99 (1.48–2.67) |
| Hypertension | 1,163/32,339 (3.6) | 20/1,163 (1.7) | 2.04 (1.24–3.35) | 801/18,288 (4.4) | 67/801 (8.4) | 2.31 (1.74–3.07) |
| Triglyceride level | ||||||
| Low-acceptable | 6,209/29,221 (21.2) | 37/6,209 (0.6) | Reference | 3,226/16,674 (19.3) | 92/3,226 (2.9) | Reference |
| High-acceptable | 14,045/29,221 (48.1) | 127/14,045 (0.9) | 1.42 (0.84–2.39) | 8,175/16,674 (49.0) | 326/8,175 (4.0) | 1.34 (1.05–1.70) |
| Borderline-high | 5,680/29,221 (19.4) | 67/5,680 (1.2) | 1.91 (1.17–3.12) | 3,396/16,674 (20.4) | 174/3,396 (5.1) | 1.69 (1.28–2.24) |
| High | 3,287/29,221 (11.2) | 62/3,287 (1.9) | 2.75 (1.71—4.42) | 1,877/16,674 (11.3) | 135/1,877 (7.2) | 2.47 (1.89–3.24) |
| Total cholesterol level | ||||||
| Low-acceptable | 5,413/29,495 (18.4) | 55/5,413 (1.0) | Reference | 2,888/16,819 (17.2) | 130/2,888 (4.5) | Reference |
| High-acceptable | 12,289/29,495 (41.7) | 121/12,289 (1.0) | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 6,557/16,819 (39.0) | 284/6,557 (4.3) | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) |
| Borderline-high | 7,925/29,495 (26.9) | 79/7,925 (1.0) | 1.43 (1.01–2.03) | 4,615/16,819 (27.4) | 200/4,615 (4.3) | 1.50 (1.23–1.83) |
| High | 3,868/29,495 (13.1) | 39/3,868 (1.0) | 2.20 (1.44–3.37) | 2,759/16,819 (16.4) | 114/2,759 (4.1) | 2.13 (1.60–2.83) |
*
The values for the number/total number (percent) of participants and of participants with an event were derived from observed data; hazard ratios and confidence intervals were based on imputed data. For fatal or nonfatal events, data are presented from the 20,656 participants whose event status could be ascertained.
†
All models were adjusted for sex, Black race, cohort, mean age at and calendar year of childhood measurement, and parental education level. The widths of the confidence intervals were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.