Table 2.
Maternal sociodemographic and obstetrical characteristics of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
| Maternal variable | Total HDP, n (%) | Missing, n (%) | Non-SMOs, n (%) | SMOs, n (%) | P value | Maternal deaths, n (%) | Maternal near miss, n (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=447 | n=287 | n=160 | n=12 | n=148 | ||||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||
| Maternal age (y) | ||||||||
| Mean age (±SD) | 32.0±5.8 | 12 (2.7) | 32.2±5.5 | 31.7±6.2 | 0.52 | 31.3±6.1 | 31.7±6.2 | .86 |
| <20 | 13 (3.0) | 5 (1.8) | 8 (5.1) | 0.21 | 1 (8.3) | 7 (4.8) | .86 | |
| 20–30 | 126 (29.0) | 82 (29.6) | 44 (27.8) | 2 (16.7) | 42 (28.8) | |||
| 30–40 | 256 (58.9) | 166 (59.9) | 90 (57.0) | 8 (66.7) | 82 (56.2) | |||
| >40 | 40 (9.2) | 24 (8.7) | 16 (10.1) | 1 (8.3) | 15 (10.3) | |||
| Marital status | 10 (2.2) | 0.99 | .80 | |||||
| Single | 84 (19.2) | 53 (18.9) | 31 (19.7) | 3 (25.0) | 28 (19.3) | |||
| In a relationship | 6 (1.4) | 4 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | 0 | 2 (1.4) | |||
| Married | 347 (79.4) | 223 (79.6) | 124 (79.0) | 9 (75.0) | 115 (79.3) | |||
| Education | 11 (2.5) | 0.06 | <.05 | |||||
| No education | 19 (4.4) | 13 (4.7) | 6 (3.8) | 2 (16.7) | 4 (2.7) | |||
| Primary | 39 (8.9) | 32 (11.5) | 7 (4.4) | 2 (16.7) | 5 (3.4) | |||
| Secondary | 278 (63.8) | 166 (59.7) | 112 (70.9) | 8 (66.7) | 104 (71.2) | |||
| Tertiary | 100 (22.9) | 67 (24.1) | 33 (20.9) | 0 | 33 (22.6) | |||
| Religion | 4 (0.9) | 0.41 | 1.000 | |||||
| Christianity | 397 (89.6) | 253 (89.4) | 144 (90.0) | 11 (91.7) | 133 (89.9) | |||
| Islam | 46 (10.4) | 30 (10.6) | 16 (10.0) | 1 (8.3) | 15 (10.1) | |||
| Employment | 9 (2.0) | 0.43 | 1.000 | |||||
| Yes | 404 (92.2) | 263 (93.3) | 141 (90.4) | 11 (91.7) | 130 (90.3) | |||
| Student | 5 (1.1) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.3) | 0 | 2 (1.4) | |||
| No | 29 (6.6) | 16 (5.7) | 13 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 12 (8.3) | |||
| Ethnicity | 11 (2.5) | 0.22 | .70 | |||||
| Akan | 226 (51.8) | 134 (47.9) | 92 (59.0) | 7 (63.6) | 85 (58.6) | |||
| Ewe | 66 (15.1) | 47 (16.8) | 19 (12.2) | 1 (9.1) | 18 (12.4) | |||
| Ga | 80 (18.3) | 57 (20.4) | 23 (14.7) | 2 (18.2) | 21 (14.5) | |||
| Northern | 59 (13.5) | 40 (14.3) | 19 (12.2) | 1 (9.1) | 18 (12.4) | |||
| Other | 5 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (1.9) | 0 | 3 (2.1) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2)a | ||||||||
| Mean BMI (±SD) | 30.3±7.5 | 157 (35.1) | 30.8±7.8 | 29.4±6.9 | .12 | 28.8±4.1 | 29.4±7.1 | .97 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (3.1) | .18 | 0 | 3 (3.3) | .47 | |
| Normal (18.5–25.0) | 53 (18.3) | 36 (18.6) | 17 (17.7) | 0 | 17 (18.9) | |||
| Overweight (25.0–30.0) | 94 (32.4) | 61 (31.4) | 33 (34.4) | 4 (66.7) | 29 (32.2) | |||
| Obese (>30.0) | 139 (47.9) | 96 (49.5) | 43 (44.8) | 2 (33.3) | 41 (45.6) | |||
| BP on admission (mm Hg) | ||||||||
| Mean systolic BP (±SD) | 156.0±26.9 | 9 (2.0) | 157.0±25.8 | 155.0±29.0 | .32 | 174.0±23.2 | 153.0±28.9 | .01 |
| Mean diastolic BP (±SD) | 98.0±19.6 | 12 (2.7) | 99.0±18.3 | 97.0±21.9 | .41 | 109.0±39.4 | 96.0±21.0 | .27 |
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Preexisting hypertension | 96 (27.1) | 93 (20.8) | 70 (29.9) | 26 (21.7) | <.05 | 5 (41.7) | 21 (19.4) | .01 |
| Sickle cell disease | 7 (1.6) | 8 (1.8) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.3) | .84 | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 1.000 |
| Malaria | 69 (15.7) | 9 (2.0) | 42 (14.9) | 27 (17.0) | .53 | 3 (25.0) | 24 (16.3) | .09 |
| Urinary tract infections | 36 (8.2) | 10 (2.2) | 25 (8.9) | 11 (6.9) | .64 | 0 | 11 (7.5) | .36 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (3.2) | 7 (1.6) | 11 (3.9) | 3 (1.9) | .30 | 0 | 3 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| Obstetrical history | ||||||||
| Parity | 16 (3.6) | .06 | .07 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 124 (28.8) | 77 (28.2) | 47 (29.7) | 4 (36.4) | 43 (29.3) | |||
| Multiparous (1–3) | 264 (61.3) | 174 (63.7) | 90 (57.0) | 7 (63.6) | 83 (56.5) | |||
| Multiparous (>4) | 43 (10.0) | 22 (8.1) | 21 (13.3) | 0 | 21 (14.3) | |||
| HDP (in multiparous women) | .69 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Gestational hypertension | 60 (19.5) | 0 | 37 (18.9) | 23 (20.7) | 1 (14.3) | 22 (21.2) | ||
| Preeclampsia | 14 (4.6) | 0 | 9 (4.6) | 5 (4.5) | 0 | 5 (4.8) | ||
| Eclampsia | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Current pregnancy | ||||||||
| Number of fetuses | 33 (7.4) | <.05 | 1.000 | |||||
| Singleton | 391 (94.4) | 258 (93.5) | 133 (96.4) | 10 (100.0) | 123 (96.1) | |||
| Multiple | 23 (5.5) | 18 (6.5) | 5 (3.6) | 0 | 5 (3.9) | |||
| Smoking in current pregnancy | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | .57 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1.000 |
| Number of antenatal visits | 36 (8.1) | .22 | .48 | |||||
| <4 | 142 (34.5) | 84 (31.7) | 58 (39.7) | 3 (30.0) | 55 (40.4) | |||
| ≥4 | 269 (65.5) | 181 (68.3) | 88 (60.3) | 7 (70.0) | 81 (59.6) | |||
| Mean GA at admission (wk) (±SD) | 30.5±2.4 | 0 | 30.6±2.5 | 30.4±2.3 | .82 | 30.2±2.1 | 30.5±2.4 | .50 |
| HDP | 0 | <.05 | .55 | |||||
| Gestational hypertension | 46 (10.3) | 45 (15.7) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | |||
| Preeclampsia | 338 (75.6) | 242 (84.3) | 96 (60.0) | 9 (75.0) | 87 (58.8) | |||
| Eclampsia | 63 (14.1) | 0 | 63 (39.4) | 3 (25.0) | 60 (40.5) |
P values were calculated using the chi-squared, Fisher exact, or unpaired 2-samples Wilcoxon tests.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GA, gestational age; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; SD, standard deviation; SMO, severe maternal outcome.
a
Based on the calculation of weight in kilograms during the first booking in antenatal care, divided by squared body length in meters.
Drechsel. Maternal near-miss and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol Glob Rep 2022.