Figure 1.

Mechanisms of autophagy-mediated immune evasion. (a) Autophagy deficiency in gastric cancer enhances PD-L1 expression by activating NF-κB, therefore promoting PD1/PD-L1-induced immune evasion. (b) Hypoxia-induced autophagy impairs killing of breast cancer by degrading NK and CD8+ T cell-derived granzyme B in autophagosomes. In addition, autophagy inhibits chemokine CCL5 production. As a result, the recruitment of NK cells to the TME is blocked. (c) MHC-I is recognized by NBR1 and degraded in lysosomes by autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells, which impairs antigen presentation and tumor killing by T cells.