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. 2022 Sep 29;11(19):3070. doi: 10.3390/cells11193070

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytokine release from constructs and in vivo bone formation. (A) Cytokines released into the culture medium. The hyper constructs released higher levels of BMP-2, BMP-6 and BMP-7 and lower levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and degradation (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) cytokines compared with the osteo constructs. The release of BMP-4, IL-1ß, RANK, RANKl and M-CSF was comparable between the groups. (B) µCT of the constructs before implantation and following 3, 6 and 12 weeks of implantation. Scale bars: 1 mm. The total bone volume, BMD and BS/BV were determined for each group and timepoint. Data are shown as the average ± SD (n = 4). * Significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05).