Table 1.
Characteristics of the Qualitative Synthesis Studies for Diet Quality Indices and CVD Risk Factors in T2DM
| Author/Year | Location | Study Design | Sample Size | Sex | Age Range (Years) | Index | Outcome | Food Measurements | Adjusment | Quality assessment Score | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giugliano et al. (2010)[24] | USA | cross-sectional | 555 men with T2DM | M: 100% | 35-70 Years | MDS | BMI, WC, Hb A1c, TG, TC, HDL-C, 2hpp glucose | FFQ | - | 8 | Total: High scores of MDS were associated with higher values of HDL-C and lower values of BMI, WC, 2hpp glucose, HbA1c, TG and TC |
| Kim et al. (2013)[11] | South Korea | cross-sectional | 110 patients with T2DM | F: 0% M: 43.6% F: 56.4% |
54.6±8.9 Years | DQI-I | Hb A1c, FBS, 2hpp glucose | 24-h recall | Age, BMI, and energy intake. | 8 | Total: High scores of indices were associated with lower values of 2hpp glucose, FBS and Hb A1c (except for AHEI) |
| Tiew et al. (2014)[21] | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | 108 patients with T2DM | M: 49.6% | 54.05±10.30 Years | AHEI HDI DDS |
BMI and WC | FFQ | - | 6 | Total: High scores of DDS were associated with lower values of BMI and WC |
| Bonaccio et al. (2016)[10] | England | prospective | 1995 Patients with T2DM | F: 50.4% M: 66.1% |
62.6±10.2 Year | MDS | BMI, blood glucose | FFQ | - | 7 | Total: MDS was unrelated to blood glucose and BMI |
| Wu et al. (2016)[20] | England | prospective studies | 124 Patients with T2DM | F: 33.9% M: 52.4% |
61.2±11 Year | AHEI-2010 | BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FBS, HbA1c, TG, LDL-C | 24-h recall | gender, age, physical activity, CVD history, the presence and treatment of CVD risk factors. BMI was controlled for all of the outcomes except for BMI | 9 | Total: Higher AHEI scores were significantly correlated with lower BMI, WC and serum LDL-C |
| Cheung et al. (2018)[23] | England | Cross-sectional | 211 patients with T2DM | F: 47.6% M: 54.5% |
54.0±8.6 Years | DQI | BMI | FFQ | - | 7 | Total: High scores of indexes had an inverse association with BMI |
| Vitale et al. (2018)[26] | Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 2568 patients with T2DM | F: 45.5% M: 59.7% |
50-70 Years | MDS (rMED) | AHEI-2010 BMI, HbA1c, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP, DBP | FFQ | - | 8 | Total: High scores of rMED were associated with higher value of the HDL-C and lower values of BMI, HbA1c, SBP, DBP and LDL-C |
| Daneshzad et al. (2019)[9] | USA | Cross-sectional | 230 patients with T2DM | F: 40.3% M: 0% |
59.90±9.20 Years | HEI-2010 | BMI, WC, FBS, 2hpp, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL-C, SBP, DBP | FFQ | age, socio-economic status, physical activity and energy intake | 9 | Total: HEI and DQI-I scores were unrelated to BMI, WC, HbA1c, 2hpp glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, SBP and DBP. High scores of HEI were associated with lower value of FBS |
| Celada Roldan (2019)[25] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 107 patients with T2DM | F: 100% M: 45.55% |
61.16±23 Years | DQI-I MDS |
BMI, FBS, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, HbA1c | NR | - | 7 | Total: High scores of MDS were associated with higher value of the HDL-C and lower values of BMI, HbA1c, FBS, TC, TG and LDL-C |
| Antonio et al. (2019)[22] | USA | Cross-sectional | 229 patients with T2DM | F: 54.45% M: 37.9% |
63.25±5.25 Years | HEI-2010 | WC, SBP | FFQ | - | 8 | Total: High scores of HEI were associated with lower values of HbA1c and FBS |
| F: 62.1% | DBP, FBS, HbA1c, TC, TG |
CVD; cardiovascular disease, T2DM; type 2 diabetes mellitus, M; male, F; female, MDS; Mediterranean diet score, DQI-I; diet quality index-international, AHEI; alternative healthy eating index, HDI; healthy diet indicator, DDS; dietary diversity score, HEI; healthy eating index, rMED; relative Mediterranean diet score, FFQ; food frequency questionnaire, BMI; body mass index, WC; waist circumference, HbA1c; hemoglobin A1c, LDL-C; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG; total cholesterol, TG; triglycerides, SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, FBS; fasting blood sugar, 2hpp; 2 hour post prandial