Table 2.
Pharmacological modulators of anoikis in lung cancer.
| Modulators | Tested Model(s) | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Renieramycin M | H460 | p53 activation | [148] |
| Ecteinascidin 770 | H23, H460 | p53 activation | [149] |
| Imperatorin | H23, H292, and A549 | p53 activation and MCL-1 downregulation | [150] |
| Artonin E | H460, A549, and H292 | MCL-1 downregulation | [151] |
| Oroxylin A | A549 | Inhibitory effect of c-Src/AKT pathway | [152] |
| TDB | H292 | EMT inhibition via inactivation of phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT | [153] |
| Lupalbigenin | H460 | Phospho-AKT, phospho-ERK, and BCL-2 inhibition | [154] |
| Sulforaphane | A549 and CL1-5 | Reduction of FAK, AKT, and β-catenin and upregulation of p21 | [155] |
| Pongamol | H460 | Inhibition of EMT through FAK and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways | [156] |
| EPS11 | H460, A549, and H1299 A549 xenograft with BALB/c-nu mice |
Inhibitory effect on βIII-tubulin | [157] |
| Ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3 | A549 | EMT inhibition through the TGF-β/SMAD pathway | [158] |
| Ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 | A549 | Inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT | [159] |
| Jorunnamycin A | H460, H292, and H23 | Suppression of EMT and apoptosis-related protein | [160] |
| Moscatilin | H460 | EMT inhibition involves repression of ERK, AKT, MCL-1, and CAV1 | [161] |
| Gigantol | H460 | EMT inhibition involves suppression of ERK, AKT, and CAV1 | [162] |
| Ephemeranthol A | H460 | EMT inhibition via FAK/AKT pathway | [163] |
| Dendrofalconerol A | H460 | Suppression of phospho-FAK and Rho-GTP | [164] |
| Chrysotobibenzyl, chrysotoxine, crepidatin, and moscatilin | H23 | Anti-anoikis activities | [165] |
| 4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl, 4,5,4′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl, chrysoeriol, and luteolin | H292 | Anti-anoikis activities | [166] |
| Aloe-emodin | H460 | Downregulation of α-actinin and MAPK pathway (JNK, ERK1, p38) and upregulation of PKCδ | [167,168] |
| Curcumin | H460 | Upregulation of the degradation of BCL-2 | [169] |
| Geraniin | A549 | EMT inhibition via TGF-β1 | [170] |
| Polysaccharide | A549 | Inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT | [171] |
| Oat avenanthramides | A549 | Suppression of EGFR | [172] |
| Jinfukang | H1975 | Suppression of integrin/Src pathway | [173] |
| Modified Bu-Fei decoction | A549 and LLC-bearing mice | Inhibition of ANGPTL4 expression through suppressing HIF-1α signaling | [174] |
| ABT-263 | LC-KJ, HCC827, H1650, and H1975 | A BCL-2 inhibitor enhanced Src inhibitors | [175] |
| WZ4002 | HCC827 and H1975 | A third-generation EGFR inhibitor | [176] |
| KRT1853 | H322 | TMPRSS4 serine protease inhibitors, repression of JNK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB pathways | [177] |
| Nintedanib | A549, H1299, and H460 | Downregulation of PCNA | [178] |
| Renieramycin M | H460 | Downregulation of phospho-ERK, phospho-AKT, BCL-2, and MCL-1 | [179] |
| Avicequinone B | H460, H292, and H23 | Diminution of integrin/FAK/Src, MCL-1, and BCL-2 | [180] |
| Carbenoxolone | C57BL/6J mice injected with LLC | Inhibition of HMGB1 | [181] |
| D6-MA | H460 | MCL-1 downregulation | [182] |
| HM | H292 | Inhibition of integrin β3 | [183] |
| α-Lipoic acid | H460 | Integrin β1 and β3 inhibition | [184] |
| Zinc | H460 | Downregulation of AKT and CAV1 | [185] |
| Anti-GD2 ganglioside mAbs | NCI-417, ACC-LC-171, and ACC-LC-96 in vitro | FAK reduction and p38 activation | [186] |
| Anti-LN-332 mAbs | KLN-205 tumors in DBA/2 mice | Blocking cell–matrix interaction | [187] |
| CEACAM6 mAbs | Balb/C xenotransplanted A549 | Inhibitory effects on phospho-AKT and upregulation of paclitaxel chemosensitivity | [188,189] |