Table 1.

Methods of liposomes preparation [2,11,25,26,27,28,29].

Method		Advantages	Disadvantages	Type of Vesicles
Conventional method	Thin film hydration	Simple process.	Low EE; organic solvent residue; small-scale production.	MLVs, GUVs
	Reverse phase evaporation	Simple process; suitable EE.	Organic solvent residue; time-consuming.	MLVs, LUVs
	Solvent Injection	Simple, rapid, and reproducible process.	Organic solvent residue; time-consuming; possible nozzle blockage (ether system).	SMVs, SUVs
	Detergent removal	Good particle size control; simple process.	Organic solvent and detergent residue; time-consuming; poor EE.	MLVs, LUVs
	Emulsion method	Simple process.	Low yield; organic solvent residue.	MVVs
	Heating method	Simple and fast process; no organic solvent; no sterilization is needed.	Degradation of bioactive compounds.	MLVs, SUVs
Advanced method	Cross-flow filtration	Rapid, scalable, sterile process; homogeneous size with high stability; easy removal of detergent.	Understudy method	SUVs, LUVs
	Modified ethanol injection	Simple, rapid, scalable, and continuous process; homogenous liposomes.	Organic solvent residue; high-cost material.	SUVs, LUVs
	Dual asymmetric centrifugation	Simple, rapid, and reproducible process; homogeneous and small liposomes; high EE for hydrophilic compounds.	Only laboratory-scale; high pressure with agitation.	SUVs, LUVs
	Microfluidic method	Good particle size control; scalable process and used for biological samples	Organic solvent residue; high cost and complex equipment.	SUVs, LUVs, GUVs
	Supercritical fluids	Control of particle size, possible in situ sterilization, low organic solvent consumption	High cost, high pressure, usage of sophisticated instruments.	LUVs

SUVs: small unilamellar vesicles; LUVs: large unilamellar vesicles; GUVs: giant unilamellar vesicles; SMVs: small multilamellar vesicles; MLVs: multilamellar vesicles; MVVs: multivesicular vesicles; EE: encapsulation efficiency.