Table 5.

Parameter estimates from the simultaneous spatial Durbin kink equation model.

$\mathbf{ln}\mathit{G}\mathit{D}\mathit{P}$		$\mathbf{ln}\mathit{P}\mathit{M}$		$\mathbf{ln}\mathit{C}\mathit{O}\mathit{V}\mathit{I}\mathit{D}$
${\beta }_0$	6.095 *** (0.756)	${\beta }_0$	1.749 *** (0.312)	${\beta }_0$	5.827 *** (1.185)
${\beta }_{\ln Lock}^{+}$	−0.596 ** (0.098)	${\beta }_{\ln Lock}^{+}$	−0.013 ** (0.005)	${\beta }_{\ln Lock}^{}$	−0.101 (0.053)
${\beta }_{\ln Lock}^{-}$	−0.203 *** (0.068)	${\beta }_{\ln Lock}^{-}$	0.022 (0.019)	${\beta }_{\ln GDP}^{+}$	0.685 *** (0.161)
${\beta }_{\ln P{M}_i}^{+}$	0.802 *** (0.165)	${\beta }_{\ln COVID}^{+}$	0.005 (0.025)	${\beta }_{\ln GDP}^{-}$	1.371 *** (0.356)
${\beta }_{\ln PM}^{-}$	0.047 (0.262)	${\beta }_{\ln COVID}^{-}$	0.006 (0.057)	${\beta }_{\ln PM}$	0.021 (0.022)
${\beta }_{\ln COVID}^{+}$	−0.278 *** (0.043)	${\beta }_{\ln GDP}^{+}$	0.445 *** (0.039)	${\beta }_{\ln Index}^{+}$	−1.917 *** (0.568)
${\beta }_{\ln COVID}^{-}$	−0.057 (0.101)	${\beta }_{\ln GDP}^{-}$	0.370 *** (0.091)	${\beta }_{\ln Index}^{-}$	−1.038 (1.126)
${\beta }_{\ln Pop}^{+}$	0.044 (0.046)	${\beta }_{\ln Pop}^{}$	−0.003 (0.018)	${\beta }_{\ln Pop}^{}$	0.056 *** (0.010)
${\beta }_{\ln Pop}^{-}$	−0.128 (0.079)	${\beta }_{\ln Open}^{}$	−0.015 (0.014)	${\beta }_{W\ln Lock}^{}$	−0.209 * (0.105)
${\beta }_{\ln Index}^{+}$	0.647 ** (0.254)	${\beta }_{\ln Temp}^{}$	−0.070 (0.069)	${\beta }_{W\ln GDP}^{+}$	0.195 (0.218)
${\beta }_{\ln Index}^{-}$	0.109 (0.504)	${\beta }_{W\ln Lock}^{+}$	−0.180* (0.102)	${\beta }_{W\ln GDP}^{-}$	−0.217 (0.609)
${\beta }_{\ln Open}^{}$	−0.030 (0.027)	${\beta }_{W\ln Lock}^{-}$	−0.010 (0.062)	${\beta }_{W\ln PM}$	0.002 (0.003)
${\beta }_{\ln FDI}^{}$	0.047 *** (0.016)	${\beta }_{W\ln COVID}^{+}$	−0.005 (0.038)	${\beta }_{W\ln Index}^{+}$	0.319 (0.985)
${\beta }_{\ln r}^{}$	−0.067 (0.041)	${\beta }_{W\ln COVID}^{-}$	−0.073 (0.110)	${\beta }_{W\ln Index}^{-}$	0.473 (1.823)
${\beta }_{W\ln Lock}^{+}$	−0.242 ** (0.118)	${\beta }_{W\ln GDP}^{+}$	−0.140 (0.067)	${\beta }_{W\ln Pop}^{}$	−0.069 (0.116)
${\beta }_{W\ln Lock}^{-}$	0.225 (0.170)	${\beta }_{W\ln GDP}^{-}$	0.193 ** (0.147)
${\beta }_{W\ln P{M}_i}^{+}$	−0.691 *** (0.235)	${\beta }_{W\ln Pop}^{}$	0.051 (0.033)
${\beta }_{W\ln PM}^{-}$	0.185 (0.377)	${\beta }_{W\ln Trade}^{}$	−0.038 (0.024)
${\beta }_{W\ln COVID}^{+}$	0.008 (0.065)	${\beta }_{W\ln Temp}^{}$	0.052 (0.085)
${\beta }_{W\ln COVID}^{-}$	−0.009 (0.199)
${\beta }_{W\ln Pop}^{+}$	0.101 (0.081)
${\beta }_{W\ln Pop}^{-}$	−0.216 (0.151)
${\beta }_{W\ln Index}^{+}$	0.203 (0.457)
${\beta }_{W\ln Index}^{-}$	−0.195 (0.874)
${\beta }_{W\ln Ope{n}_i}^{}$	0.038 (0.048)
${\beta }_{W\ln FDI}^{}$	−0.022 (0.035)
${\beta }_{W\ln r}^{}$	−0.141 * (0.072)
$\rho$	0.210 **	$\rho$	0.359 ***	$\rho$	0.390 ***

Notes: “*”, “**”, and “***” denote significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively, and values within the () are the standard error.