TABLE 1.
Included articles
| Author, year, country | Study design | Study duration (years) | Study groups; intervention vs. control | Patients (n before dropout) | Malformations excluded | Outcome variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hannah, 12 2000, Canada | Randomized controlled trial (RCT) | 1997–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (1043) C = planned vaginal birth (1045) |
2088 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year Conversion |
| Hannah, 28 2002, Canada | RCT | 1997–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (798) C = planned vaginal birth (798) |
1940 | Yes |
Perinatal morbidity 28 days to 2 years Maternal morbidity, first year Mother's experience |
| Hannah, 29 2004, Canada | RCT | 1997–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (457) C = planned vaginal birth (460) |
1159 | Yes | Maternal morbidity, long term |
| Hodnett, 30 2005, Canada | RCT | 1997–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (457) C = planned vaginal birth (460) |
1159 | Yes | Mother's experience |
| Whyte, 31 2004, Canada | RCT | 1997–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (457) C = planned vaginal birth (463) |
1159 | Yes | Perinatal morbidity >2 years |
|
Adjaoud, 32 2017, France |
Cohort | 2000–2011 |
I = planned cesarean section (876) C = planned vaginal birth (665) |
1541 | No |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Conversion |
| Bin, 2016a, 47 Australia | Cohort | 2001–2012 |
I = planned cesarean section (11 339) C = planned vaginal birth (1183) (2759 intention uncertain) |
15 281 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity >2 years |
| Bin, 2016b, 48 Australia | Cohort | 2009–2012 |
I = planned cesarean section (3970) C = planned vaginal birth (352) (875 intention uncertain) |
5197 | Yes |
Perinatal morbidity <28 days Maternal morbidity, first year Conversion |
| Bjellmo, 20 2017, Norway | Cohort | 1999–2009 |
I = planned cesarean section (8780) C = planned vaginal birth (7873) |
16 700 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity >2 years Conversion |
| Burgos, 33 2015, Spain | Cohort | 2003–2012 |
I = planned cesarean section (793) C = planned vaginal birth (891) |
1684 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Conversion |
| Gilbert, 13 2003, USA | Cohort | 1991–1999 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (60418) I2 = emergency cesarean section (35 297) C = vaginal birth (4952) |
100 667 | Yes | Perinatal mortality |
| Goffinet, 19 2006, France and Belgium | Cohort (prospective) | 2001–2002 |
I = planned cesarean section (5579) C = planned vaginal birth (2526) |
8105 | No |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Hartnack, 15 2011, Denmark | Cohort | 1997–2008 |
I = planned cesarean section (14 764) C = planned vaginal birth (7039) |
23 789 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Henriksen, 34 2019, Norway | Cohort | 2000–2012 |
I = planned cesarean section (1528) C = planned vaginal birth (1458) |
2986 | Yes |
Perinatal morbidity <28 days Conversion |
| Herbst, 9 2005, Sweden | Cohort | 1991–2001 |
I = planned cesarean section (9749) C = planned vaginal birth (6839) |
22 549 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Study B is excluded, few cases |
| Hinnenberg, 35 2019, Finland | Cohort | 2004–2014 |
I = planned cesarean section (804) C = planned vaginal birth (1037) |
1841 | No |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Conversion |
|
Korb, 36 2020, France and Belgium |
Cohort (prospective) | 2001–2002 |
I = planned cesarean section (5098) C = planned vaginal birth (2466) |
8105 | No |
Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year Conversion |
| Krebs, 37 2003, Denmark | Cohort | 1982–1998 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (7503) I2 = emergency cesarean section (5575) C = actual vaginal birth (2363) |
15 441 | No |
Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year Maternal morbidity, long term |
| Krebs, 38 1995, Denmark | Cohort | 1982–1990 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (7106) I2 = emergency cesarean section (5356) C = actual vaginal birth (2363) |
15 718 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
|
Macharey, 46 2017, Finland “Neurodevelopmental outcome” |
Cohort | 2004–2010 |
I = planned cesarean section (4467) C = planned vaginal birth (3907) |
8374 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Perinatal morbidity >2 years Conversion |
| Pasupathy, 39 2009, Scottland | Cohort | 1985–2004 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (19 832) I2 = pre‐labor emergency cesarean section (4108) I3 = post‐labor emergency cesarean section (4910) C = planned vaginal birth (3926) |
32 776 | Yes | Perinatal mortality |
| Pradhan, 40 2005, UK | Cohort | 1991–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (552) C = planned vaginal birth (881) |
1433 | No |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Perinatal morbidity >2 years |
| Rietberg, 41 2003, The Netherlands | Cohort | 1995–1999 |
I = planned cesarean section (6840) C = planned vaginal birth (24 391) |
33 824 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Rietberg, 14 2005, The Netherlands | Cohort | 1998–2002 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (8682) I2 = emergency cesarean section (2731) C = actual vaginal birth (2835) |
14 258 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Roman, 5 1998, Sweden | Cohort | 1987–1993 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (6031) I2 = emergency cesarean section (3011) I3 = unspecified cesarean section (879) C = actual vaginal birth (5897) |
15 818 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year |
| Thorpe‐Beeston, 42 1992, England | Cohort | 1988–1990 |
I1 = planned cesarean section (1457) I2 = emergency cesarean section (1029) C = actual vaginal birth (961) |
3447 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Ulander, 43 2004, Finland | Cohort | 1987–1989 |
I = planned cesarean section (1640) C = planned vaginal birth (1270) |
2910 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Perinatal morbidity >2 years Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year |
| Venditelli, 44 2006, France | Cohort | 1994–2000 |
I = planned cesarean section (879) C = planned vaginal birth (1216) |
2136 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days Conversion |
| Vistad, 7 2015, Norway | Cohort |
1991–2011 |
I = planned cesarean section (13 361) C = planned vaginal birth (17 500) |
30 861 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
| Vlemmix, 45 2014, The Netherlands | Cohort | 1999–2007 |
I = planned cesarean section (30 503) C = planned vaginal birth (27 817) |
58 320 | Yes |
Perinatal mortality Perinatal morbidity <28 days |
|
Liu, 49 2007, Canada |
Case report | 1991–2005 | I = planned cesarean section (46 766) | 68 404 | Yes |
Maternal mortality Maternal morbidity, first year |
|
Schutte, 50 2007, The Netherlands |
Case report | 2000–2002 | I = planned cesarean section (16 351) | 16 351 | No | Maternal mortality |