Table 7.
Comparison of vitamin D intake from various food groups (µg per day) in the subgroups of female post-primary school students not supplementing and supplementing vitamin D, and following omnivorous vs. vegetarian or vegan diet.
| Vitamin D Source | Vitamin D Supplementation | Vegetarian or Vegan Diet | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 2222) | Yes (n = 2247) | p Value *** | No (n = 4113) | Yes (n = 356) | p Value *** | |||||
| Intake (%) | Median ** (Min-Max) | Intake (%) | Median ** (Min–Max) | Intake (%) | Median ** (Min–Max) | Intake (%) | Median ** (Min–Max) | |||
| Total intake from food | 100.00 | 2.19 (0.02–28.17) |
100.00 | 2.47 (0.01–29.34) |
<0.0001 | 100.00 | 2.37 (0.01–29.34) |
100.00 | 1.70 (0.01–28.75) |
<0.0001 |
| Intake from fish and fish products Salmon, rainbow trout, herring, and eel Halibut, mackerel, brook trout, sole, and tuna Cod, flounder, plaice, pollock, and hake Herring, sardine, and tuna products Other fish products |
29.03 | 0.42 (0.00–27.22) 0.25 (0.00–21.25) 0.00 (0.00–5.60) 0.00 (0.00–1.25) 0.00 (0.00–12.36) 0.00 (0.00–0.93) |
32.72 | 0.61 (0.00–27.28) 0.32 (0.00–21.19) 0.08 (0.00–5.88) 0.00 (0.00–1.14) 0.00 (0.00–8.24) 0.00 (0.00–0.93) |
<0.0001 0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 0.0647 0.1163 |
31.33 | 0.55 (0.00–27.28) 0.00 (0.00–21.25) 0.00 (0.00–5.88) 0.00 (0.00–1.25) 0.00 (0.00–12.36) 0.00 (0.00–0.93) |
28.20 | 0.09 (0.00–19.66) 0.00 (0.00–13.76) 0.00 (0.00–2.42) 0.00 (0.00–0.50) 0.00 (0.00–8.24) 0.00 (0.00–0.31) |
<0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0174 0.0059 0.0015 |
| Dairy products Eggs Meat and meat products Cereals Fats |
18.77 20.58 20.64 7.02 3.95 |
0.30 (0.00–4.93) 0.37 (0.00–7.43) 0.39 (0.00–4.33) 0.11 (0.00–1.99) 0.04 (0.00–3.20) |
17.97 20.88 18.08 6.69 3.67 |
0.33 (0.00–3.84) 0.49 (0.00–8.71) 0.38 (0.00–4.09) 0.12 (0.00–2.48) 0.04 (0.00–2.93) |
0.0002 0.0026 0.2341 0.1837 0.8308 |
17.68 20.30 20.31 6.65 3.72 |
0.31 (0.00–4.93) 0.38 (0.00–8.12) 0.42 (0.00–4.33) 0.12 (0.00–2.48) 0.04 (0.00–3.20) |
28.41 28.19 0.00 10.09 5.11 |
0.29 (0.00–2.00) 0.36 (0.00–8.71) 0.00 (0.00–0.00) 0.11 (0.00–1.33) 0.03 (0.00–2.30) |
0.5086 0.206 <0.0001 0.0889 0.0007 |
** Non-parametric distribution (verified using Shapiro-Wilk test, p ≤ 0.05), *** verified using Mann-Whitney U test, p ≤ 0.05.