TABLE 1.
Comparison of studies in the meta‐analysis.
| Study | Setting | Design | Time | Intervention | Subgroups by outcome | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | Where? | How? | Duration | When? | Apgar | HIE | BPI | PPH | DD | CP | AOI | ||||
| Fransen 2017 | 24 units, Netherlands 27 509 births/year | Open cluster RCT |
2 years: 1 year = pre 1 year = post |
Delivery ward all staff | Sim center | CRM training, MOET program | 1 day | Only once | x | x | x | x | |||
| Lenguerrand 2019 | 12 units, Scotland 34 881 births/year | Stepped‐wedge cluster RCT | 2.5 years | Delivery ward all staff | In situ | PROMPT training | 1 day | Only once | x | ||||||
| Draycott 2006 | 1 unit, England 6000 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
6 years: 2 years = pre 1 years = train 3 years = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | NA | 1 day | Annually | x | x | |||||
| Weiner 2016 | 1 unit, USA 6000 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
9 years: 2 year = pre 7 year = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | PROMPT training | 1 day | Annually | x | x | x | ||||
| Shoushtharian 2014 | 8 units, Australia 12 402 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
3.5 years: 18 months = pre 12 months = train 12 months = pos |
Delivery ward 50% off staff | NA | PROMPT training | 1 day | NA | x | x | |||||
| Van de ven 2016 | 1 unit, Netherlands 1800 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
100 months: 38 months pre 24 months train 38 months post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | 2 scenarios | NA | NA | x | ||||||
| Inglis 2011 | 1 unit, USA, 3800 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
5 years: 2.5 years = pre 2 months = train 2.5 years = post |
Delivery ward all staff | NA | NA | NA | NA | x | ||||||
| Dahlberg 2018 | 1 unit, Sweden, 3000 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
12 years: 4 years = pre, 4 years = train 4 years= post |
Delivery ward all staff | Sim center | PROBE training | 3 h | Every 1.5 year | x | ||||||
| Kumar 2018 | 3 units, Australia 9000 birth/year | Retrospective cohort |
5 years: 2 years = pre 1 year = train 2 years = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | NA | 0.5 day | Every 2. Year | x | x | |||||
| Croft 2016 | 1 unit, England 6000 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
12 years: 4 years = pre 4 years = train 4 years = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | PROMPT training | 1 day | Annually | x | ||||||
| Baldvinsdottir 2018 | 1unit, Sweden 3000 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
8 years: 4 years = pre 4 years = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | NA | 3 h | Every 1.5 year | x | ||||||
| Egenberg 2015 | 1 unit, Norway 4800 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
3 years: 1 year = pre 1 year = train 1 year = post |
Delivery ward all staff | Sim center | NA | 6 h | Annually | x | ||||||
| Egenberg 2017 | 1 unit, Norway 4800 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
4.5 years: 2 years = pre 0.5 year = train 2 years = post |
Delivery ward 80% of staff | Off‐site | NA | NA | Annually | x | ||||||
| Lutgendorf 2017 | 1 unit, California NA births/year | Retrospective cohort |
10 months 6 months = pre 4 months = post |
NA | In situ | NA | 2 day | Only once | x | ||||||
| Markova 2012 | 1 unit, Denmark 3500 birth/year | Retrospective cohort |
5 years 2 years = pre 1 year = train 2 years = post |
NA | NA | Include lecture, multi‐professional skills training in PPH, debrief | 2.5 h | NA | x | ||||||
| Fuhrmann 2015 | 1 unit, Denmark, 4500 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
1 year: 5 months = pre 2 months = train 5 months = post |
Delivery ward 95% of staff | Sim center | NA | NA | Only once | x | ||||||
| Siassakos 2009 | 1 unit, UK 5500 births/year | Retrospective cohort | 16 years: 7 years = pre 2 years = train 7 years: = post | Delivery ward 95% of staff | In situ | PROMPT training | 1 day | Annually | x | x | |||||
| Copson 2017 | 1 unit, West Australia 6000 births/year | Retrospective cohort | 11 years: 3 years = pre, 5 years = train 3 years = post | NA | NA | NA | 1 day | Annually | x | ||||||
| Phipps 2012 | 1 unit, USA 9200 births/year | Retrospective cohort |
4 years 24 months = pre 6 months = train 18 months = post |
Delivery ward 72% of staff | NA | 4 h CRM, 4 h Multi professional simulation training | 8 h | Only once | x | ||||||
| Nielsen 2007 | 15 units, USA, 27 509 births/year | Open cluster RCT |
1 year: 2 months = prem 4 months = train 5 months = post |
Delivery ward all staff | In situ | CRM training, (MedTeams Labor & De‐livery Team Coordination Course) | NA | Only once | x | ||||||
| Riley 2011 | 3 units, USA, 1800/year | Open cluster RCT | 3 years: 1 year = pre 1 year = train 1 year = post | NA | In situ | Webinars and simulation Team‐STEPPS | 2 h 30 month | 11 simulations | x | ||||||
X = mark the outcome/outcomes reported.
AOI, adverse outcome index; Apgar, Apgar score less than 7 at 5 min; BPI, brachial plexus injury at birth; CP, cord prolapse; DD, decision to delivery interval in emergency cesarean >30 min; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; PPH, severe blood loss and/or transfusion four or more units of red blood cells.