Fig. 1.

Schematics showing the design and application of biomimicking 3D TPMS scaffolds. (A) TPMS scaffolds with hyperboloidal topology are inspired by coral mineralization, leaf photosynthesis, and trabecular bone microstructure. (B) TPMS scaffolds with hyperboloidal surfaces can regulate the behaviors and functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic paracrine for osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling and vascularized bone regeneration. EC, endothelial cell.